Stephan Bogner
|
April 27, 2012 - 6:44am
„History does not repeat itself, but it sure does rhyme.“ (Mark Twain)
Between
1970 and 1979, the silver price was increasing steadily from $1.50 to
$6, before taking off in September 1979 from $10 to $50 within 5 months.
During that bull cycle, demand for silver did not increase but actually
declined (sharply in 1979). It was as late as 1983 when demand
increased confidently from 12,000 to 27,000 tons per year until 2000 –
yet the silver price was in a 20 year bear market during that time. In
2003, when silver started its new bull market, the demand actually
dropped to 23,000 tons until 2005 – during which 2 years silver almost
doubled from $4.50 to $8. Since 2005, demand is rising stronger than
ever, having reached 33,000 tons in 2010, whereas the silver price is
rising strongly as well.
The
initial comparisons indicate one important phenomenon in the silver
market, namely that (industrial) silver demand is “price inelastic”:
that is, changes in price have a relatively small effect on the quantity
demanded. The demand for other commodities is known to be “price
elastic”: that is, changes in price have a relatively large effect on
the quantity demanded (if tomato prices blow up, go bananas). This
basically translates into: no matter if the silver price crashes or
explodes, demand – unimpressed – will keep its own dynamic pace, because
demand does not respond to price changes. Firstly,
silver is the most broadly used metal, because of its unique
characteristics, such as highest thermal and electrical conductivity of
all metals. In most of its few thousand application fields, silver is
considered a non-substitutable product. In contrast for example, when
the platinum price increases too strongly, automotive demand
traditionally substitutes for cheaper palladium thus potentially driving
down the platinum price. Secondly, silver typically makes up only a
relatively small component in the total of the product and the total of
its costs. Both these demand characteristics/inelasticities
(not substitutable and small cost component) are crucial to understand
the silver price, because they remind that no matter if price explodes
or crashes, (industrial) demand virtually does not care, but keeps on
consuming as per its own factors/fundamentals. Notwithstanding, an
increased demand principally has a positive effect on the price, of
course (GFMS
expects fabrication demand in 2012 to rise by approx. 3-5% to around
29,000 tons silver, whereas fabrication demand accounts for more than
80% of total demand; fabrication demand includes industrial
applications, photography, jewelry, coins and silverware).
Now
let’s have a look at the price elasticity of supply – a way to show the
responsiveness (“elasticity”) of the quantity supplied to a change in
its price. What happens to the silver supply if the price crashes or
explodes? Nothing much either. Surely, if
price explodes people tend to melt their forks and knives besides
selling their silver investments, hence private and commercial recycling
and selling will increase in the short-term (yet silver is already
being recycled “where possible”, and most of the silver ever consumed by
industry can be considered as lost respectively not recyclable). More
importantly, core supply (mining) does not change significantly if the
silver price changes. This
shows us a second important phenomenon of the silver market, namely that
silver is supplied predominately as a bi-product during the mining of
other metals, such as gold, copper, zinc and lead (in 2011,
mining accounted for 73% of total supply, whereas primary silver mines
only contributed 29%). This implies that the silver mining output does
not depend on the silver price, but rather on the price of the primary
metals, such as gold, copper, zinc and lead. For example, if the copper
price doubles, copper mining typically expands generating more silver
output. If the copper price is cut in half, silver output shrinks no
matter if silver price doubles or quadruples. The mining and consumption
of primary metals like copper and zinc is dominated by the automotive
and electrical industry thus largely depending on economic growth in
developed and/or non-developed countries. If economic growth collapses
in the future, less silver is mined which principally translates into higher prices. If
economic growth flourishes in the future, more silver is expected to be
mined – however, so much more silver must be mined to even meet demand
that it is (more or less) safe to consider it as not realistic (in
today’s terms): In 2010, total silver supply was 23,000 tons and total
demand was 32,000 tons. The difference is called (supply-demand)
deficit, whereas the “chronically missing silver” comes from destocking.
Why is someone filling up the gap as the price shall “correct the
deficit” by way of rising thus decreasing demand? Because it would not work, of course (as we have seen above).
Thus, when destocking has come to an end and industries do not get
supplied with sufficient silver (no matter where the price may trade or
be fixed at), the respective (silver-containing) product can not
be produced in “unlimited” quantities anymore thus (increasingly)
limiting the production output and its economies of scale. Hence, it is
the price of this “limited edition” (silver-containing) product that
will increase in order to get supply and demand balanced out,
whereas the silver price principally does not to change as it would not
effectively increase supply or decrease demand (as we have seen above). Notwithstanding, a decreased supply principally has a positive effect on the price, of course.
The difference between gold and silver, and every thing
in general, is its present supply and demand respectively its
valuation/perception and ultimately its price. Firstly, silver (0.08 ppm
= 8 gram in 1,000 tons) occurs on average 20 times more often in earths
continental crust than gold (0.004 ppm). On earth (incl. hydrosphere,
atmosphere and crust to a depth of 16 km), silver (0.13 ppm) occurs 26
(=13x2) times more often than gold (0.005 ppm). Hence, (below-ground)
gold is more rare than silver. Secondly, gold deposits form near surface
and at depth, whereas silver predominately forms near surface and not
at depth. Thus, fewer silver deposits will be discovered in future due
to technological breakthroughs since 1950s having discovered most
near-surface deposits already. Hence, (below-ground) silver trends to be
more rare than gold. Thirdly, most of all gold ever mined (approx. 90%
of 150,000 tons total) still “exists” (marketable) as dominantly being
hoarded as a hedge against money (either fiat-money or gold-backed
money). Most of all silver ever mined (1.6 million tons total) has
already been lost as typically being irrecoverably consumed by the
industry. Hence, (above-ground) silver is more rare than gold? Not quite
there yet – as estimates calculate around 600,000 tons still “existing”
marketable in form of coins, medals, bars, jewelry and other
silverwares. Assuming yearly silver demand at 45,000 tons, no mine
output, and no (other) destocking, it would take 10 years until there is
around the same amount of (above-ground) silver left as gold (150,000
tons) and another 3 years until the rest is lost as well (this includes
the assumption that the owners of the 600,000 tons silver would sell
consistently with higher prices). In the end, silver may be more rare
than gold as below- and above-ground silver is (currently) being
vanished into thin air.
Amazingly,
there still is a price correlation alive between both metals as both
seem to get daily priced in tandem. This may be explained that both
backed money in history and are – from times to times – considered as
“money” – by some or many. If the Dollar was backed by gold (and/or
silver), then you may call it “money” as you may be officially allowed
to actually also use physical bullion as “legal tender”(for whatever
today unimaginable reason you would want to do that instead of using
handy light-weight, foldable and quickly acceptable paper money backed
by gold; respectively you trust such paper being worth a certain amount
of gold as you could
redeem this lose paper against massive gold anytime you wanted (during
opening hours at your local FED). Yet what makes (standardized)
gold/silver truly precious is not only that – theoretically – you can
call it “money” and even use it as such, but practically value it as a
priceless, natural and proven “safety feature” (or
you may call it “a hedge against money/power”) that the paper money you
use is not inflatable. It’s like with an airbag – you don’t want see it
inflate, but if you did, you truly feel fortunate to have it as it may
save your life again. Or as per the article “The Sword above the Damocles-Dollar”:
the value of the (gold/silver) sword is not that it falls (usage as
“real money”), but that it threatens to fall (appreciation as “safety
feature” / hedge) resulting in total stability.
Gold
and silver always shared being an effective hedge against money (either
fiat money or gold/silver-backed money), but it’s their differences
that present unique price appreciation potentials. If you study the
history of gold, you always find silver. Both metals
mainly occur together in ores, both are the first mentioned metals in
the bible, and both are used in sacred rituals. Since thousands of
years, gold and silver are considered precious and valuable. More than
6,000 years ago, Egyptians determined a gold/silver-ratio of 13.3 – and
indeed, the ratio traded at an average of 15 in the millenniums
thereafter. The Egyptians were the best (proven) analysts ever!? However, their 13.3. ratio
figure was not based on technical or fundamental data as we use, but
the fact that the moon moves 13.3 times faster in the zodiac than the
sun. Many of the beliefs in India, whose people are notoriously known to
traditionally hoard and hang themselves in gold, pray to the sun,
whereas the moon enjoys a high relevancy in Muslim beliefs. According to
Greek historians, King Croesus of Lydia was the first ruler (560-546
BC) issuing a bi-metallic gold/silver currency. There were 2 silver
coins: one with 10.72 gram silver and the other half that much resp.
5.36 gram – if you multiply the first one with 10 and the other one with
20, you get 107.2 gram. The known gold/silver-ratio was kept at 13.3;
107.2 gram / 13.3 = 8.04 gram for
the one and only gold coin. Thus, 10 big (10.72 gram) silver coins
equal 1 gold coin of 8.04 gram and 20 small (5.36 gram) silver coins
equal 1 gold coin of 8.04 gram.
Taking
a look at the (above) gold/silver ratio since 1800, it strikes the eye
that in the beginning it was seemingly constant at around 15, whereas it
rose around 3-fold and fluctuates heavily around 45 points since the
end of the 1800s. Despite rising as high as 100 in the 1930s and 1990s,
the 15-level held as strong support during times of strong corrections
in the 1910s, 1960s and 1980s. Currently, it trades at 52 points and
thus right in between the resistive (red) triangle leg at approx. 93 and
the supportive (green) leg at approx. 33. Since the 1990s, the ratio
traded near the red leg between 50 and 90, whereas recently it fell
strongly to the green leg at 33 points. After this short but successful
“pullback” to the green leg (now confirmed as new support), the ratio
rebounded strongly to the current level. Let’s assume a gold price of
$2,000 for the next years: at a gold/silver ratio of 100 silver would
trade at $20, at a ratio of 50 silver costs $40, at a ratio of 30 it
stands at $66, and at 15 points silver sells for $133. If gold rises to
$5,000, silver costs $50 at a ratio of 100, stands at $100 if ratio
remains at 50, whereas silver trades at $166 at 30 points, and $333 at 15 points.
Taking
the silver price since late 2009 into perspective (below), it strikes
the eye that the “strong“ and “long“ price appreciation from $15 to $50
(3.3-fold) between February 2010 and April 2011 occurred after sideways
consolidations along red trendlines – and
that another such (red) consolidation period formed thereafter (yet with
the difference of being much larger and enduring much longer leading to
the conclusion that the price appreciation is set to be much stronger
and much longer this time; if the red resistance currently at $35 is
broken successfully).
The (below) silver price started to fluctuate within a (green) upward-trendchannel in 1997. In late 2010, the resistive uppermost (green) trendline was broken at approx. $23, whereafter
a breakout took the price to the $50 level. The subsequent pullback has
the goal of testing and potentially confirming this (formerly
resistive) trendline (as new support) – in
order for a new and longer-termed upward-trend to begin thereafter (if
successful). Thus, a major sell-signal is not given until breaching this
trendline currently at approx. $27.50.
Thus, a buy-signal is active above this support, whereas a major
buy-signal is generated when rising above the red and violet resistances
currently at $35 and $45.
The
below chart shows the beginning of the last silver bull (1970-1975) and
there may be a similar pattern in play when comparing with the above
price actions of the beginning of the current bull (since 1997). The
silver price nearly doubled between 1974 and August 1979, before rising
sharply from $10 to $50 within the following 5 months. Silver rose
6.65-fold (13.3/2) from $6.45 in February 1974 to a monthly average of
$43 in January 1980. Thus, if you take the 2011 high of $50 and multiply
with 6.65, you get silver at $333
(as we have seen above, this can translate into gold trading at $5,000
with a gold/silver ratio of 15; or gold at $33,300 with a ratio of 100).
The below chart shows that a “long-term” upward trend (blue) is active since 1950.
The strong price increases in the 1970s and 2000s are so-called
“thrusts” out of (red-green) triangles respectively after
sideways-consolidation periods beneath the red resistances. The largest
and longest triangle formed after the 1960-80s bull enduring around 13
years before the thrust to the upside started in 1992 at $4 (yet notably
rising strongly since 2002). In 2011, the thrust reached $50 thus
having appreciated 13-fold. Principally, the goal of a thrust is to
break the resistive high of the triangle ($43 monthly or $49.45 daily)
and transform it into new support – in order for a new and longer-termed
upward-trend to begin thereafter.
If
you bought silver in the last month of the last bull market ($43 in
January 1980) and recently sold at $50, you may now sleep proudly as
having finally sold with a (nominal) profit. Far from reality but happy?
Yes, but net you really lost, because you would need a silver price of
more than $100 today in order to get you out plus-minus zero. The reason
is inflation – as silver is priced in dollar which currency lost
purchasing power over the past. If you want to find out any historic
silver price in todays (dollar) terms, you may use a
“dollar-inflation-adjusted silver price”. When you do so, kindly check
the definition of “inflation” as this is the basis of the whole idea.
Today, the CPI (Consumer Price Index) is the official inflation
barometer and most market participants (still) act according to this
index.
As
per the below CPI-inflation-adjusted dollar silver price since 1800, a
200 year long (red-green) triangle formed between $50 and $4. In the
1960-80s, the price broke the resistive (red) triangle leg at around $8
and the subsequent “breakout” took the price to >$100. Thereafter,
the “classical pullback” started taking the price back into the triangle
and to the apex at around $5 in 2003. Since then, the thrust to the
upside is active. The goal of this thrust is to break the high of the
triangle ($50) and its breakout ($100) and to transform both resistive
levels into new support – in order for a new and longer-termed
upward-trend to begin thereafter. At the top of the below chart is the
(not dollar-inflation-adjusted) silver price next to the (black) CPI,
whereas it is considered as a very bullish sign when the price has
achieved breaking above the CPI curve – as a strong move up from there
may occur (again as per the last bull cycle).
The
CPI basket has been changed in a way that does not seem to represent
real inflation anymore. An increasing number of market participants
estimate real inflation higher than the official 2-3% p.A. (CPI). The SGS (Shadow Government Statistics)
index is felt to better reflect real inflation, whereas it uses the
same definition/calculation of inflation as official government agencies
used in 1980. Currently, the annual SGS inflation rate stands at 6% p.A.
If we now adjust the dollar by SGS-inflation (instead of CPI) and look
back at “the old all-time high” of the last bull cycle in January 1980,
we note the “SGS real” silver price traded at almost $500 (in today’s
dollar terms, whereas these terms are defined by an inflation measure
that was used in 1980 and not today). This translates into: if I wanted
to sell silver today at the same price level as in January 1980
considering todays purchasing power of the
dollar, silver would need to trade at around $500 today. Or the other
way around: if I bought silver at the peak of the last bull market, its
price must really/today trade at around $500 to get me out without a
real/net loss.
“Finally
and with the sky apparently not being the limit, you may kindly fasten
your seat belt as the silver rocket is on its way home to the moon.” (2006)
“Crashing the Unknown” by Chesley Bonestell (1950)
Stephan Bogner
Wade
Robinson studied at Central TAFE School of Art and Design, where he
earned an Advanced Diploma in Graphic Design. He then worked as a
primary school teacher and illustrator of school books and educational
material. Since commencing employment at the Perth Mint in 2003, he has
had a number of opportunities to design coins that engage a child’s
imagination and inspire them to take a lifelong interest in the hobby of
coin collecting.
As
part of the collaborative creative process undertaken at The Perth
Mint, Wade has been involved in the design of a number of other coin
programs. He worked on the entire Famous Battles in Australian History
series. This program is inspired by the service and sacrifice that
underpins Australian military history – Gallipoli, Tobruk, Kokoda,
Kapyong, and Long Tan – the fabric of heroic legend. The first release,
Gallipoli, is now sold out, with the other coins in the series expected
to follow the trend.
from Bix Weir, 
