2012/12/10, 週一
美國財政部以目前聯邦政府的發債與開支速度計算,最遲明年2月底至3月初,一定會觸及16.4萬億美元的發債上限。假若在死線前,國會還未上調 發債上限,聯邦政府就會出現營運危機。不過,有法律專家為奧巴馬政府想出妙計,就算國會繼續爭拗上調發債上限,聯邦政府不用再發債也可以多捱兩年!
以目前每盎司現貨白金約1600美元計算,兩枚1盎司的白金幣,應該只值3200美元(約2.5萬港元)。但原來只要美國鑄幣局打造兩枚獨一無二,共值2萬億美元的白金幣,所有問題即迎刃而解。
美國憲法在金融政策方面,其實存在好多漏洞,例如只限制美國境內流通紙幣的總值上限,以及限制財政部授權鑄造金幣、銀幣及銅幣數量,但竟然沒有限制聯邦政府鑄造白金幣的數量及制訂面值的權力。
耶魯法律學院教授波爾金(Jack Balkin),根據這條憲法漏洞,提出一個驚人的方法應付政府財困。首先,由財政部授權鑄幣局,鑄造兩枚獨一無二的白金幣,每枚白金幣面值1萬億美元。 然後,由總統授權把兩枚白金幣存放入聯邦儲備局,再由聯邦儲備局確認撥入財政部帳戶。這樣,財政部資產負債表新增2萬億資產,以每年財赤約1萬億美元計,假設政府開支不變,這兩枚重量級白金幣已足夠未來兩年開支用。
這個想法有別於聯儲局的量化寬鬆政策,所以並不等同於印銀紙。財政部新增的資產價值,只會用於帳面上實報實銷開支,所以不會製造通脹效應。當然,這麼極端做法,一定會惹來批評。憲法原意是容許政府在發行紀念幣方面有更大彈性,並不代表容許政府可以濫鑄貨幣、兼且濫定貨幣面值。假若美國政府如此兵行 險著,勢必引發法律觀點上爭拗。所以,連波爾金都認為,白金幣的瘋狂想法只是理論上可行,實際上不會有人夠膽這樣做。
聯邦政府要避免發債上限危機,亦有其他辦法。如憲法容許總統宣布「發債上限」違憲,屆時美國政府便可以無限額發債,但這樣又會冒上美元地位不穩的風 險。又或財政部出售黃金儲備應急,相信其他國家會非常樂意購買,但黃金儲備為美國重要資產之一,美國政府變賣至寶家當實不輕易。最後一個選擇是關閉部分政 府部門運作,相信奧巴馬最終仍只會以關閉政府部門運作作要脅,逼使兩黨在國會同意上調發債上限。
2012年12月11日星期二
IMF study in 1999 found 80 central banks lending 15% of official gold reserves
Submitted by cpowell on Sun, 2012-12-09 17:24. Section: Documentation
12:31p Sunday, December 9, 2012
Dear Friend of GATA and Gold:
A study by the International Monetary Fund in 1999, obtained last week by GATA's researcher R.M., reported that more than 80 central banks had lent 15 percent of official gold reserves into the market and that central banks then lending gold included the German Bundesbank, the Swiss National Bank, the Bank of England, the Reserve Bank of Australia, and the central banks of Austria, Portugal, and Venezuela.
The IMF study, commissioned as the agency pondered selling some of its own gold, emphasized the lack of transparency in the gold market and the secrecy demanded by central banks.
"Information on the gold market is patchy," the study said. "Transactions are characterized by a high degree of secrecy. Apart from the relatively small amount of open trading on exchanges, gold trades are private, over-the-counter transactions, and little is reported on these transactions. ... Official information on gold lending is virtually nonexistent."
In addition to its precious metals storage facilities in Hong Kong, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom, GoldMoney customers now can store their gold and silver in a high-security vault operated by Brink's in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. GoldMoney also has recently partnered with Rhenus Freight Logistics to offer another gold storage option in Switzerland. The Rhenus vault is in the secured zone of Zurich Airport and offers customers superb security as well as the ability to inspect their gold.
Storage at the new vaults in Canada and Switzerland is available at GoldMoney's lowest fees. Customers can select their storage location when placing their buy order.
GoldMoney customers can take delivery of any number of gold, silver, platinum, and palladium bars from any GoldMoney vault, as well as personally collect their bars stored in the Hong Kong, Switzerland, and U.K. vaults.
As a result, the IMF study said, its information was "largely drawn from private sources." Predictably enough, the study said "the increased mobilization of central bank reserves through gold lending operations has had a depressing influence on the spot price for gold since on-lent gold is usually associated with sales of gold in the spot market."
Indeed, just a year earlier, urging Congress not to regulate financial derivatives, Federal Reserve Chairman Alan Greenspan had disclosed that controlling the gold price was the primary objective of gold lending: "Central banks stand ready to lease gold in increasing quantities should the price rise."
(See: http://www.federalreserve.gov/boarddocs/testimony/1998/19980724.htm.)
Further, the IMF study said, gold lending had caused central banks to become active in the gold derivatives market with bullion banks and gold producers, "selling through forwards and options."
In turn, "bullion banks have made efforts to secure and consolidate long-term relationships with central banks."
"The number of countries with official-sector involvement in the gold lending market is now estimated to have reached over 80. The outstanding amount of gold lending provided by the official sector by end-1998 amounted to nearly 15 percent of official gold holdings of all central banks. The share of industrial countries in the stock of total official gold lending rose from 33 percent at end-1995 to 46 percent by end-1998 as some industrial-country central banks increased their lending, while new lenders, such as the Bundesbank and the Swiss National Bank, entered the market."
Thirteen years later it seems likely that the proportion of central bank gold reserves that has been lent into the market is substantially higher, as Western central banks continue to demand secrecy for their gold lending even amid growing concerns about the security of their gold reserves vaulted abroad.
With so many central banks lending so much gold in secret to financial institutions whose primary talent lately has been shown to be rigging markets, who but the usual agents of disinformation still can deny that the gold market is manipulated precisely to prevent the world from enjoying free markets generally?
The IMF's 1999 study of gold lending has been posted at GATA's Internet site here:
http://www.gata.org/files/IMFGoldLendingFullStudy1999.pdf
Your secretary/treasurer surely cannot have perceived everything of significance in the study and so would be grateful to receive comments on it by e-mail at CPowell@GATA.org.
CHRIS POWELL, Secretary/Treasurer
Gold Anti-Trust Action Committee Inc.
12:31p Sunday, December 9, 2012
Dear Friend of GATA and Gold:
A study by the International Monetary Fund in 1999, obtained last week by GATA's researcher R.M., reported that more than 80 central banks had lent 15 percent of official gold reserves into the market and that central banks then lending gold included the German Bundesbank, the Swiss National Bank, the Bank of England, the Reserve Bank of Australia, and the central banks of Austria, Portugal, and Venezuela.
The IMF study, commissioned as the agency pondered selling some of its own gold, emphasized the lack of transparency in the gold market and the secrecy demanded by central banks.
"Information on the gold market is patchy," the study said. "Transactions are characterized by a high degree of secrecy. Apart from the relatively small amount of open trading on exchanges, gold trades are private, over-the-counter transactions, and little is reported on these transactions. ... Official information on gold lending is virtually nonexistent."
In addition to its precious metals storage facilities in Hong Kong, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom, GoldMoney customers now can store their gold and silver in a high-security vault operated by Brink's in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. GoldMoney also has recently partnered with Rhenus Freight Logistics to offer another gold storage option in Switzerland. The Rhenus vault is in the secured zone of Zurich Airport and offers customers superb security as well as the ability to inspect their gold.
Storage at the new vaults in Canada and Switzerland is available at GoldMoney's lowest fees. Customers can select their storage location when placing their buy order.
GoldMoney customers can take delivery of any number of gold, silver, platinum, and palladium bars from any GoldMoney vault, as well as personally collect their bars stored in the Hong Kong, Switzerland, and U.K. vaults.
As a result, the IMF study said, its information was "largely drawn from private sources." Predictably enough, the study said "the increased mobilization of central bank reserves through gold lending operations has had a depressing influence on the spot price for gold since on-lent gold is usually associated with sales of gold in the spot market."
Indeed, just a year earlier, urging Congress not to regulate financial derivatives, Federal Reserve Chairman Alan Greenspan had disclosed that controlling the gold price was the primary objective of gold lending: "Central banks stand ready to lease gold in increasing quantities should the price rise."
(See: http://www.federalreserve.gov/boarddocs/testimony/1998/19980724.htm.)
Further, the IMF study said, gold lending had caused central banks to become active in the gold derivatives market with bullion banks and gold producers, "selling through forwards and options."
In turn, "bullion banks have made efforts to secure and consolidate long-term relationships with central banks."
"The number of countries with official-sector involvement in the gold lending market is now estimated to have reached over 80. The outstanding amount of gold lending provided by the official sector by end-1998 amounted to nearly 15 percent of official gold holdings of all central banks. The share of industrial countries in the stock of total official gold lending rose from 33 percent at end-1995 to 46 percent by end-1998 as some industrial-country central banks increased their lending, while new lenders, such as the Bundesbank and the Swiss National Bank, entered the market."
Thirteen years later it seems likely that the proportion of central bank gold reserves that has been lent into the market is substantially higher, as Western central banks continue to demand secrecy for their gold lending even amid growing concerns about the security of their gold reserves vaulted abroad.
With so many central banks lending so much gold in secret to financial institutions whose primary talent lately has been shown to be rigging markets, who but the usual agents of disinformation still can deny that the gold market is manipulated precisely to prevent the world from enjoying free markets generally?
The IMF's 1999 study of gold lending has been posted at GATA's Internet site here:
http://www.gata.org/files/IMFGoldLendingFullStudy1999.pdf
Your secretary/treasurer surely cannot have perceived everything of significance in the study and so would be grateful to receive comments on it by e-mail at CPowell@GATA.org.
CHRIS POWELL, Secretary/Treasurer
Gold Anti-Trust Action Committee Inc.
基礎貨幣與真實利率:金價因誰而動?
在前文“黃金、石油和美元的未來(之黃金篇)”中Gregor Macdonald提到了一個非常重要的觀點:他認為在過去十年裡,黃金價格的上漲是由於其他投資回報率的下跌,黃金的上漲並非是通脹預期所致。金價飆升並非標誌著嚴重通脹即將來臨,事實上是一個持續低迷的經濟導致的流動性陷阱的結果,而標誌就是美國真實利率的大幅下跌。而高盛在最新的那篇爭議不斷的看空黃金的報告中給出了下面這張表,卻可能讓我們有更新的角度來觀察黃金與美債(真實利率)之間的關係:
由上圖可見,近期金價與10年期通脹保護國債真實收益率之間的關聯度被打破。
當然那篇報告更出名的是高盛下調金價預測:
我們把3個月金價預期下調0.8%至每盎司1825美元;6個月金價預期下調7.0%至1805美元;12個月金價預期下調7.2%至1800美元;高盛還預計2014年金價為1750美元。儘管我們認為2013年初金價可能走高,但我們認為下行風險越來越大。
高盛的邏輯是:
金價與美聯儲宣布的購買行動的規模有關,價格在宣布行動時對其規模作出反應,而對此後每次計劃中的購買行動的實際實施卻幾乎沒有反應。這意味著當美聯儲的購買行動不再持續,但美聯儲的持倉規模維持不變時,金價不應受到影響。這與高盛的美國經濟學家的發現一致,高盛發現是對美聯儲資產購買行動規模的預期而非實際的購買行動影響著債券收益率。
增加美聯儲資產負債表規模的資產購買行動才會推高金價。相反,當宣布的購買行動並不會導致資產負債表規模擴大時會推低金價,但隨著此類行動宣佈時會出現的真實利率的下滑會抵消部分這種效果。這種截然不同的反應迥異於QE期間美債收益率的系統性下跌,意味著金價可能“無視”不會導緻美聯儲資產負債表擴張的寬鬆措施。理論上,儘管扭轉操作(OT)通過增加美聯儲持倉的久期來影響收益率,但它並不影響基礎貨幣。
高盛想表達的意思是“並非所有的QE都是一樣的”,事實上,只有能夠帶來基礎貨幣擴張的QE才能拉升金價。
但FT的Kaminska認為高盛忽視了一個重要的因素:美聯儲非傳統的量化寬鬆措施已經將美債變為“零收益”的類似黃金的金融工具。而通脹保護債券(TIPS)所具有的雙重保護特徵(同時對通脹和通縮提供保護)使其相對黃金和傳統美債具有優勢,也使其具有更多的吸引力。
當前的狀況是,美債和黃金互相之間的可替代性越來越強,因為兩者都提供不了可觀的收入。事實上,只有持有黃金的相關成本和美債到期時回复面值的特性仍然存在區別。此外,隨著黃金的抵押品作用的接受度越來越高,其流動性和現金屬性也越來越像美債。
這意味著只有對黃金期貨的需求爆發(導致收益率曲線的極度拉升)才有可能促使足夠的資金流出美債,流入黃金,才會對金價產生明顯的拉動效果。
簡單說,如果要使黃金被視為優於美債的投資且黃金現貨價格走高,黃金的遠期收益必須超過現金的成本和黃金儲藏成本。如果做不到這點,黃金和美債這兩種資產的價格就應該是聯動的,因為他們面臨的是相同規模的冗餘流動性,同時也受到債券端的零利率影響。
零利率水平有效的限制了黃金相對美債的吸引力,因為持有黃金產生負利率(由於儲藏成本),而持有美債則不會,並且能夠保護本金(除非美聯儲印更多的錢導致國債出現負利率,這將導致金價走高)。
事實上,可以這麼說,當短期美債的收益率為0之際,就是黃金與美債之間完全替代之時。就如同可口可樂與百事可樂,
他們也競爭同一個客戶群體,儘管彼此之間仍然是有區別的產品。
那麼為何扭轉操作對黃金期貨的淨多倉產生影響呢?高盛的結論依舊是OT操作並不增加基礎貨幣。
但Kaminska認為高盛依舊忽視了OT操作對黃金窒息價格(choke price)的影響。
我們在前文“黃金、石油和美元的未來(之黃金篇)”中介紹過克魯格曼那篇著名的文章:
克魯格曼在文中認為:
關鍵的是,黃金至少存在一個“窒息價格”,在這個價格上需求將為0。而根據Hotelling的模型,人們願意持有不可再生資源,因為他們將獲取升值受益。這意味著,扣除儲藏成本,真實價格必須以等同於真實利率的速率升值,因此價格曲線應該如下所示:
這意味著,如果黃金投資要能有回報,遠期曲線就必須出現一定的上翹。
如果貨幣的價格跌至零,那麼黃金的曲線將平坦化,直到只反映儲藏成本。
此外,低利率通常使得窖藏資源更有吸引力,也使得現貨市場比期貨市場更具吸引力。
所以看到下面扭轉操作之前黃金期貨曲線的平坦化程度也就毫不令人驚訝了。
到了2011年7月,平坦的曲線表明兩個問題。其一、現貨黃金價格可能接近了窒息價格(這一價格部分取決於更低的國債收益率),其二,在達到窒息價格前,人們仍將持續購買並且窖藏黃金。
而這一切在2011年8月發生了變化,金價再度走高,這不僅由於金價持續趨向窒息點,也由於美國債務上限辯論帶來的利率預期的改變暫時拉高了窒息價格。
由於其他宏觀面基本沒有大的變化,這反映了一個錯誤定價的期貨曲線和高估的窒息價格。
這一效應產生的淨效果就是黃金購買/窖藏需求的突然和大幅上升,人們爭相利用明顯高估的遠期曲線,而這一趨勢也被同一期間美債收益率大幅走低所放大。
當然,一旦債務上限的辯論結束了,曲線就會恢復到此前的模式之中,而窒息價格也重新回到反映當前利率的水平。
事實上,如果不是扭轉操作,黃金和美債之間的資金爭奪戰早就開始了,並將持續直到美債與黃金一樣出現負利率,或者黃金的現貨價格超過期貨價格。
然而,通過實施扭轉操作,美聯儲將美債的供應從長期轉向短期。這一過程將大量短期美債拋入市場,迅速支撐了短期利率。
從安全資產投資者角度看,美聯儲此舉無異於給了免費套利的機會,使得黃金和美債之間的選擇不再困擾(安全資產加收益率,還等什麼?)(更不用說更高的利率不鼓勵窖藏了)。
因此,結果就是黃金現貨價格的走低。
同時,我們看到了更陡峭的黃金曲線,這不僅是由於資金流入了黃金期貨,也由於現貨黃金的資金在流出。而金價沒有完全崩潰的原因可能是由於各國央行的購買,這一舉動最終穩定了曲線,並導致了金價的震盪。
至於上文高盛那張圖所顯示的Tips與黃金投資倉位的背離,Kaminska認為這可能是對TIPS價格信號的誤讀。 Tips更多反映的是其內含的本金保護期權價值的升高,而非實際利率的降低。
因此文章開頭那幅圖中tips走勢顯示的並非是實際利率的走低,而是本金保護期權價值的升高。
http://wallstreetcn.com/
當然那篇報告更出名的是高盛下調金價預測:
我們把3個月金價預期下調0.8%至每盎司1825美元;6個月金價預期下調7.0%至1805美元;12個月金價預期下調7.2%至1800美元;高盛還預計2014年金價為1750美元。儘管我們認為2013年初金價可能走高,但我們認為下行風險越來越大。
高盛的邏輯是:
金價與美聯儲宣布的購買行動的規模有關,價格在宣布行動時對其規模作出反應,而對此後每次計劃中的購買行動的實際實施卻幾乎沒有反應。這意味著當美聯儲的購買行動不再持續,但美聯儲的持倉規模維持不變時,金價不應受到影響。這與高盛的美國經濟學家的發現一致,高盛發現是對美聯儲資產購買行動規模的預期而非實際的購買行動影響著債券收益率。
增加美聯儲資產負債表規模的資產購買行動才會推高金價。相反,當宣布的購買行動並不會導致資產負債表規模擴大時會推低金價,但隨著此類行動宣佈時會出現的真實利率的下滑會抵消部分這種效果。這種截然不同的反應迥異於QE期間美債收益率的系統性下跌,意味著金價可能“無視”不會導緻美聯儲資產負債表擴張的寬鬆措施。理論上,儘管扭轉操作(OT)通過增加美聯儲持倉的久期來影響收益率,但它並不影響基礎貨幣。
但FT的Kaminska認為高盛忽視了一個重要的因素:美聯儲非傳統的量化寬鬆措施已經將美債變為“零收益”的類似黃金的金融工具。而通脹保護債券(TIPS)所具有的雙重保護特徵(同時對通脹和通縮提供保護)使其相對黃金和傳統美債具有優勢,也使其具有更多的吸引力。
當前的狀況是,美債和黃金互相之間的可替代性越來越強,因為兩者都提供不了可觀的收入。事實上,只有持有黃金的相關成本和美債到期時回复面值的特性仍然存在區別。此外,隨著黃金的抵押品作用的接受度越來越高,其流動性和現金屬性也越來越像美債。
這意味著只有對黃金期貨的需求爆發(導致收益率曲線的極度拉升)才有可能促使足夠的資金流出美債,流入黃金,才會對金價產生明顯的拉動效果。
簡單說,如果要使黃金被視為優於美債的投資且黃金現貨價格走高,黃金的遠期收益必須超過現金的成本和黃金儲藏成本。如果做不到這點,黃金和美債這兩種資產的價格就應該是聯動的,因為他們面臨的是相同規模的冗餘流動性,同時也受到債券端的零利率影響。
零利率水平有效的限制了黃金相對美債的吸引力,因為持有黃金產生負利率(由於儲藏成本),而持有美債則不會,並且能夠保護本金(除非美聯儲印更多的錢導致國債出現負利率,這將導致金價走高)。
事實上,可以這麼說,當短期美債的收益率為0之際,就是黃金與美債之間完全替代之時。就如同可口可樂與百事可樂,
他們也競爭同一個客戶群體,儘管彼此之間仍然是有區別的產品。
毫不意外的,黃金期貨的投機者淨多倉自2009年以來一路走高,但在OT操作開始後大幅下跌,如下圖所示:
但Kaminska認為高盛依舊忽視了OT操作對黃金窒息價格(choke price)的影響。
我們在前文“黃金、石油和美元的未來(之黃金篇)”中介紹過克魯格曼那篇著名的文章:
克魯格曼在文中認為:
關鍵的是,黃金至少存在一個“窒息價格”,在這個價格上需求將為0。而根據Hotelling的模型,人們願意持有不可再生資源,因為他們將獲取升值受益。這意味著,扣除儲藏成本,真實價格必須以等同於真實利率的速率升值,因此價格曲線應該如下所示:
如果貨幣的價格跌至零,那麼黃金的曲線將平坦化,直到只反映儲藏成本。
此外,低利率通常使得窖藏資源更有吸引力,也使得現貨市場比期貨市場更具吸引力。
所以看到下面扭轉操作之前黃金期貨曲線的平坦化程度也就毫不令人驚訝了。
下面是另一個方式來看(下圖下半部分的曲線越高,黃金收益率曲線就越平坦)
而這一切在2011年8月發生了變化,金價再度走高,這不僅由於金價持續趨向窒息點,也由於美國債務上限辯論帶來的利率預期的改變暫時拉高了窒息價格。
由於其他宏觀面基本沒有大的變化,這反映了一個錯誤定價的期貨曲線和高估的窒息價格。
這一效應產生的淨效果就是黃金購買/窖藏需求的突然和大幅上升,人們爭相利用明顯高估的遠期曲線,而這一趨勢也被同一期間美債收益率大幅走低所放大。
當然,一旦債務上限的辯論結束了,曲線就會恢復到此前的模式之中,而窒息價格也重新回到反映當前利率的水平。
事實上,如果不是扭轉操作,黃金和美債之間的資金爭奪戰早就開始了,並將持續直到美債與黃金一樣出現負利率,或者黃金的現貨價格超過期貨價格。
然而,通過實施扭轉操作,美聯儲將美債的供應從長期轉向短期。這一過程將大量短期美債拋入市場,迅速支撐了短期利率。
從安全資產投資者角度看,美聯儲此舉無異於給了免費套利的機會,使得黃金和美債之間的選擇不再困擾(安全資產加收益率,還等什麼?)(更不用說更高的利率不鼓勵窖藏了)。
因此,結果就是黃金現貨價格的走低。
同時,我們看到了更陡峭的黃金曲線,這不僅是由於資金流入了黃金期貨,也由於現貨黃金的資金在流出。而金價沒有完全崩潰的原因可能是由於各國央行的購買,這一舉動最終穩定了曲線,並導致了金價的震盪。
至於上文高盛那張圖所顯示的Tips與黃金投資倉位的背離,Kaminska認為這可能是對TIPS價格信號的誤讀。 Tips更多反映的是其內含的本金保護期權價值的升高,而非實際利率的降低。
因此文章開頭那幅圖中tips走勢顯示的並非是實際利率的走低,而是本金保護期權價值的升高。
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