2012年5月31日星期四
The big new thing in gold
My Dear Extended Family,
Jim,
This is the new big thing in gold - capital adequacy ratios.
CIGA Luis Ahlborn Sequeira
The big new thing in gold - capital adequacy ratios
Ross
Norman looks at the implications for gold of an increased focus on the
assets banks are allowed to hold as tier one capital.
Author: Ross Norman
Posted: Tuesday , 29 May 2012
Posted: Tuesday , 29 May 2012
LONDON
(SHARPS PIXLEY) - Forgive the hyperbole in the headline but we wanted
to get your attention as something quite profound is happening that
could propel gold to record new highs. Yes, potentially the biggest
thing since the birth of the gold ETF and the liberalization of the
Chinese gold market in 2003. A decade on and we have grounds for saying
that gold may well see a significant leg higher... the big new thing in
gold. I'll explain...
Banking
capital adequacy ratios, once the domain of banking specialists are set
to become centre stage for the gold market as well as the wider
economy. In response to the global banking crisis the rules are to be
tightened in terms of the assets that banks must hold and this is
potentially going to very much favor gold. The Basel Committee for Bank
Supervision (or BCBS) as part of the BIS are arguably the highest
authority in banking supervision and it is their role to define capital
requirements through the forthcoming Basel III rules.
In
short, they are meeting to consider making gold a Tier 1 asset for
commercial banks with 100% weighting rather than a Tier 3 asset with
just a 50% risk weighting as it does today. At the same time they are
set to increase the amount of capital banks must set aside as well. A
double win potentially.
Hitherto
banks have been much dis-incentivised to hold gold while being
encouraged to hold arguably riskier assets such as equity capital,
currencies and debt instruments, none of which have fared too well in
the crisis. With this potential change in capital adequacy requirements.
bank purchases of gold would drive up its value relative to other high
quality qualifying assets, increasing its desirability for regulatory
purposes further. This should result in gold being re-priced to bring it
on a par with all other high quality assets.
Currently
banks have to have core Tier 1 capital ratio of 4% of which will rise
to 6% from the beginning of next year. In addition to its store of value
merits, central to the argument in favor of gold as a bank reserve is
its countercyclical nature to most other assets in that it tends to be
inversely correlated. Gold is ideal as it bears no credit risk. it
involves no other counter-party and it is no one's liability. It is a
reserve asset diversifier if you like.
This
is a treble win for gold - it would be a major endorsement of its role
in preserving wealth and as a store of value from the highest financial
authority, it would lead to significant purchases of gold by major
financial institutions and it would lead to a reappraisal of its value
with respect to other Tier 1 capital such as quality sovereign debt.
Under the new rules gold could become a very significantly larger
proportion of a reserve pool which is about to grow very much larger.
2012年5月30日星期三
Gold to hit $4,000/oz, Silver to $100 by 2017: Ross Norman
http://www.commodityonline.com/
LONDON (Commodity Online): Gold prices to reach $3,000-4,000 per ounce range within five years, said Ross Norman at the inaugural Dubai Multi Commodities Centre Precious Metals Conference.
One of the most articulate analysts in the market Ross Norman maintains that “there is no sign of a bubble and that gold ought to be trading for $6,500 if adjusted for inflation, though $3,000-4,000 is his target within five years.”
He continued that, “the market is supply constrained with almost no change in a decade while demand has taken off from investors that has grown from $3 billion to $80 billion over the same timeframe.”
Ross Norman also forecast $100 an ounce for silver by 2017. His masterly presentation entitled ‘Silver has the bubble burst?’ argued that no it had not, and that merely projecting forward recent growth rates arrived at $100 an ounce within five years.
Negative real interest rates were the reason for high precious metal prices cited by most experts. In short inflation is higher than the cost of money so cash on deposit is losing money.
Ross Norman, CEO of Sharps Pixley, London based bullion trading firm and provider of information on bullion markets.
LONDON (Commodity Online): Gold prices to reach $3,000-4,000 per ounce range within five years, said Ross Norman at the inaugural Dubai Multi Commodities Centre Precious Metals Conference.
One of the most articulate analysts in the market Ross Norman maintains that “there is no sign of a bubble and that gold ought to be trading for $6,500 if adjusted for inflation, though $3,000-4,000 is his target within five years.”
He continued that, “the market is supply constrained with almost no change in a decade while demand has taken off from investors that has grown from $3 billion to $80 billion over the same timeframe.”
Ross Norman also forecast $100 an ounce for silver by 2017. His masterly presentation entitled ‘Silver has the bubble burst?’ argued that no it had not, and that merely projecting forward recent growth rates arrived at $100 an ounce within five years.
Negative real interest rates were the reason for high precious metal prices cited by most experts. In short inflation is higher than the cost of money so cash on deposit is losing money.
Ross Norman, CEO of Sharps Pixley, London based bullion trading firm and provider of information on bullion markets.
End Of The Road Film
The new film “End Of The Road” has just been released for public viewing, featuring GoldSilver.com CEO Mike Maloney alongside Peter Schiff, Jim Rickards, Jim Puplava, James Turk, Eric Sprott and more. The link for viewing this excellent movie is right here: http://100thmonkeyfilms.com/endoftheroad/watch/
This film was not made by GoldSilver.com, we are helping to spread the word of its release for the Australian producer Tim Delmastro.
In 2008 the world experienced one of the greatest financial turmoils in modern history. Markets around the world started crashing, stock prices plummeted, and major financial institutions, once thought to be invincible, started showing signs of collapse. Governments responded quickly, issuing massive bailouts and stimulus packages in an effort to keep the world economy afloat.
While we’re told that these drastic measures prevented a total collapse of our system, a growing sense of unease has spread throughout the population. In the world of finance, indeed in all facets of modern life, cracks have started to appear. What lies ahead as a result of these bold ‘money printing’ measures? Was the financial crisis solved, or were the problems merely ‘kicked down the road?’
2012年5月29日星期二
希臘人轉向支持緊縮 油金昨上漲 惟看多頭寸均創新低
由於黃金自去年 9 月達到 1900 美元的高點後,便持續震盪下挫,國際油價也同樣出現類似走勢,許多看漲的投資者紛減少做多黃金和原油的頭寸。據美國期貨交易委員會最新公佈的數據顯示,看多黃金和原油的頭寸分別創 3 年半和 1 年半新低。
香港《文匯報》報導,由於上周六希臘民調顯示,公眾更多地傾向支持緊縮政策的保守黨,從而有利希臘留在歐元區內,這令歐元對美元的表現暫時穩定,從而有利金價的企穩和上揚。繼上周五金價上漲 11.4 美元至 1568.9 美元,昨 (28) 日金價持續上揚,截至昨晚 7:30 ,金價上漲 12.29 美元,報 1578.88 美元,漲幅為 0.78%。
不過,因受歐債危機導致歐元備受打擊,加上歐洲經濟瀕臨衰退邊緣,投資者紛紛做空黃金。根據美國期貨交易委員會公佈的數據,至 5 月 22 日,投資者已削減看漲美國黃金期貨的頭寸,其持有的期權創出 2008 年 12 月來的新低。白銀淨做多頭寸也跌至 2008 年 11 月的新低。
金價通常與油價形成正相關關係。因美元兌歐元升值抑制了大宗商品的需求,美國原油庫上升和伊朗局勢有所緩解,從而降低市場對中東地區供油緊張的擔憂,這不利國際油價的上漲。
近期,國際油價持續下挫,分別跌穿 100 美元、甚至一度跌穿 90 美元。美國期貨交易委員會 25 日公佈的持倉報告,對沖基金持看漲原油頭寸持續第 3 周減少,在截至 5 月 22 日的 7 天裡下滑至 2010 年 9 月來最低水平,成為降至 20 個月低點。截至昨晚 7:30 ,國際油價報 91.77 美元,上漲 0.91 美元,漲幅為 1%。
香港《文匯報》報導,由於上周六希臘民調顯示,公眾更多地傾向支持緊縮政策的保守黨,從而有利希臘留在歐元區內,這令歐元對美元的表現暫時穩定,從而有利金價的企穩和上揚。繼上周五金價上漲 11.4 美元至 1568.9 美元,昨 (28) 日金價持續上揚,截至昨晚 7:30 ,金價上漲 12.29 美元,報 1578.88 美元,漲幅為 0.78%。
不過,因受歐債危機導致歐元備受打擊,加上歐洲經濟瀕臨衰退邊緣,投資者紛紛做空黃金。根據美國期貨交易委員會公佈的數據,至 5 月 22 日,投資者已削減看漲美國黃金期貨的頭寸,其持有的期權創出 2008 年 12 月來的新低。白銀淨做多頭寸也跌至 2008 年 11 月的新低。
金價通常與油價形成正相關關係。因美元兌歐元升值抑制了大宗商品的需求,美國原油庫上升和伊朗局勢有所緩解,從而降低市場對中東地區供油緊張的擔憂,這不利國際油價的上漲。
近期,國際油價持續下挫,分別跌穿 100 美元、甚至一度跌穿 90 美元。美國期貨交易委員會 25 日公佈的持倉報告,對沖基金持看漲原油頭寸持續第 3 周減少,在截至 5 月 22 日的 7 天裡下滑至 2010 年 9 月來最低水平,成為降至 20 個月低點。截至昨晚 7:30 ,國際油價報 91.77 美元,上漲 0.91 美元,漲幅為 1%。
2012年5月28日星期一
牛熊的激烈攻防戰
金市牛熊雙方最近展開了一場十分激烈的攻防戰。前周金價承前淡勢,中長線關鍵低位1523元(美元.下同)受到考驗,結果到1527元便出現大幅反彈,且在三個交易天內回升到1599元的水平。牛方大聲歡呼,認為這是中長線三次試底不破的極為看好訊號。
然而歡呼聲未落,金價又大幅下滑,在兩個交易天內再下試至1533元,但金市再現支持力,圖表上呈現長下影錘形的利好形態。不過到周四,圖表竟出現一個相反的長上影錘形,收市反跌。幸而周末金價回復回升,終以1573.7元的偏高價收市,比前周仍跌18.4元。
銀市亦呈類似行情,前周銀價曾低試至26.75元,略高於去年底的低位26.14元,市勢迅速反彈回到28.92元,但其後又下試到27.12元。周末收報28.53元,全周僅微跌0.19元。
大分歧造成大上落
希臘或會退出歐羅體系之事至今還是變幻莫測,歐債危機的受關注點又移到西班牙方面去。歐羅滙價跌破今年初的低點1.2624後,在超賣的狀態下依然無力反彈,正嚴重考驗1.25這個中長線關鍵水平。美滙指數亦不避短期已呈超買之嫌,繼續挺升到82.46,為2010年9月以來的高位。與此同時,市場似熱切期望美國聯儲局和歐洲央行推出新的寬鬆政策,以挽救當前困局。而另一方面,聯儲局早前的操作似乎奏效,把連續商品指數(CCI)從去年4月的高點691,成功推低至目前的512,恰與美滙指數相對地回復到前年9月時的水平。
在上述複雜的背景下,金市牛熊雙方意見不一。牛方認為目前歐洲困境有助避險資金進入黃金市場,部分對沖歐羅可能解體的風險,而將可能推出的寬鬆措施,更有利於未來金價。熊方則認為歐洲的危機所產生的收縮力量仍難估量,而有關當局在施行刺激措施後仍有辦法控制通貨膨脹,前述的(CCI)年來大幅回降25.9%就是一個例子。正是牛熊雙方的頗大分歧,故造成近日金市大幅飄忽上落。
短期回復相對偏好
在技術上金市走勢確仍有不確定的地方。金價在三周前跌破了近三年半的上升軌,但迄今仍不肯進一步跌破鄰近前低位作出最後確認,且相反在該低位水平有先後四次見底不破的利好訊號。與此同時,金價一季平均線正式與一年平均價成熊的交叉,這在是次為時11年的牛市中,此行情現象只在2008年發生過。此外,最近金價似乎不理會美元強勢且與之同步上升,但須知美滙指數現已升越81.78水平,開始進入中長線回升的階段,金價沒有可能長期與真正復強的美元抗衡。
但無論如何,短期金市是回復相對偏好,因為上周三出現了短期的次低點,成交大增,這是一個短期底部的迹象。況且近期未平倉合約量和淨好倉量回增,有新買盤入市。金市現止住了前跌勢而轉回到由1527元到1599元之間的上落市,有可能在稍後再一試1613元至1628元地帶的阻力,然而相信金價難以重越1640元水平。短期而言,金市支持上移至1551元和1565元水平,然而在1577元、1584元和1590元分別有回升阻力。
銀市的倉位變化沒有金市那麼反覆,或意味着避險功能不及後者。但無論如何,銀市亦在27.12元建立了短期低點,且將短期支持上移至27.9元的水平,但在28.8元至28.9元地帶仍有阻力,更大的阻力在29.5元水平。
中短期而言,30元、特別是31元水平諒難重越,敝欄認為銀市長時間維持期貨貼水及倉存量高企始終不是好事。
然而歡呼聲未落,金價又大幅下滑,在兩個交易天內再下試至1533元,但金市再現支持力,圖表上呈現長下影錘形的利好形態。不過到周四,圖表竟出現一個相反的長上影錘形,收市反跌。幸而周末金價回復回升,終以1573.7元的偏高價收市,比前周仍跌18.4元。
銀市亦呈類似行情,前周銀價曾低試至26.75元,略高於去年底的低位26.14元,市勢迅速反彈回到28.92元,但其後又下試到27.12元。周末收報28.53元,全周僅微跌0.19元。
大分歧造成大上落
希臘或會退出歐羅體系之事至今還是變幻莫測,歐債危機的受關注點又移到西班牙方面去。歐羅滙價跌破今年初的低點1.2624後,在超賣的狀態下依然無力反彈,正嚴重考驗1.25這個中長線關鍵水平。美滙指數亦不避短期已呈超買之嫌,繼續挺升到82.46,為2010年9月以來的高位。與此同時,市場似熱切期望美國聯儲局和歐洲央行推出新的寬鬆政策,以挽救當前困局。而另一方面,聯儲局早前的操作似乎奏效,把連續商品指數(CCI)從去年4月的高點691,成功推低至目前的512,恰與美滙指數相對地回復到前年9月時的水平。
在上述複雜的背景下,金市牛熊雙方意見不一。牛方認為目前歐洲困境有助避險資金進入黃金市場,部分對沖歐羅可能解體的風險,而將可能推出的寬鬆措施,更有利於未來金價。熊方則認為歐洲的危機所產生的收縮力量仍難估量,而有關當局在施行刺激措施後仍有辦法控制通貨膨脹,前述的(CCI)年來大幅回降25.9%就是一個例子。正是牛熊雙方的頗大分歧,故造成近日金市大幅飄忽上落。
短期回復相對偏好
在技術上金市走勢確仍有不確定的地方。金價在三周前跌破了近三年半的上升軌,但迄今仍不肯進一步跌破鄰近前低位作出最後確認,且相反在該低位水平有先後四次見底不破的利好訊號。與此同時,金價一季平均線正式與一年平均價成熊的交叉,這在是次為時11年的牛市中,此行情現象只在2008年發生過。此外,最近金價似乎不理會美元強勢且與之同步上升,但須知美滙指數現已升越81.78水平,開始進入中長線回升的階段,金價沒有可能長期與真正復強的美元抗衡。
但無論如何,短期金市是回復相對偏好,因為上周三出現了短期的次低點,成交大增,這是一個短期底部的迹象。況且近期未平倉合約量和淨好倉量回增,有新買盤入市。金市現止住了前跌勢而轉回到由1527元到1599元之間的上落市,有可能在稍後再一試1613元至1628元地帶的阻力,然而相信金價難以重越1640元水平。短期而言,金市支持上移至1551元和1565元水平,然而在1577元、1584元和1590元分別有回升阻力。
銀市的倉位變化沒有金市那麼反覆,或意味着避險功能不及後者。但無論如何,銀市亦在27.12元建立了短期低點,且將短期支持上移至27.9元的水平,但在28.8元至28.9元地帶仍有阻力,更大的阻力在29.5元水平。
中短期而言,30元、特別是31元水平諒難重越,敝欄認為銀市長時間維持期貨貼水及倉存量高企始終不是好事。
2012年5月27日星期日
羅耕-銀三角
2012年5月27日
羅耕:「銀三角」 (2012-05-26 10:36:14)
轉載▼
昨天看過金三角,今看銀三角。
銀三角比金三角早半年開始─前者始於2011年2月,後者始於同年的7月(重溫昨文)。銀的三角底部在26美元,以三角頂部50美元計,插水的話,豈非只剩兩蚊?
去年10月1日本欄題為「銀價趨窄幅」文中,曾拼37年前後的銀價,當中預示未來4年皆主要於30多美元橫行,2016年才爆升。一幅兩蚊,一幅橫行,信哪幅好?
今文一圖,爆上爆落也好,不捱得很久的。務實做法,是先看年中前後會否穿32美元,再看8月、9月間會否穿26美元。直覺認為,曆史愈悠久的圖,錯的機會愈小。
這些三角圖,僅對爆落發出追沽訊號,過後已無作用。
羅耕:「銀三角」 (2012-05-26 10:36:14)
轉載▼
昨天看過金三角,今看銀三角。
銀三角比金三角早半年開始─前者始於2011年2月,後者始於同年的7月(重溫昨文)。銀的三角底部在26美元,以三角頂部50美元計,插水的話,豈非只剩兩蚊?
去年10月1日本欄題為「銀價趨窄幅」文中,曾拼37年前後的銀價,當中預示未來4年皆主要於30多美元橫行,2016年才爆升。一幅兩蚊,一幅橫行,信哪幅好?
今文一圖,爆上爆落也好,不捱得很久的。務實做法,是先看年中前後會否穿32美元,再看8月、9月間會否穿26美元。直覺認為,曆史愈悠久的圖,錯的機會愈小。
這些三角圖,僅對爆落發出追沽訊號,過後已無作用。
The top five gold commentators
http://therealasset.co.uk
There are a range of commentators on the precious metals but there is a golden elite whose insights, opinions and research should not be missed by gold investors. These gold market luminaries can be found in a number of places, and come from a variety of backgrounds. We thought it a good moment to pay our respects, explain to others why these gold commentators are so notable and deserving of your attention, and talk a bit more about why we think they’re so great. Read on for a range of sources that are sure to help your gold investment knowledge.
We’ve compiled a list of our top 5 gold commentators, who are worth seeking out. This is by no means scientific or definitive, but it is a collection of bankers, investors, traders and entrepreneurs who have helped us develop our world view. We have only included commentators that are alive and thus highly accessible today, had we not the late Ferdinand Lips would have surely been included. We have also tried to keep it focused on the gold and silver markets; we would otherwise have been sure to mention the likes of wider forecasters and trend spotters such as Bill Bonner. Tell us if we’ve missed anyone off the list in the comments section below! And, while you’re at it recommend your favourite commentators or analysts.
Back in 2000 Jim forecast a gold price of $1,760 in ten years’ time. His price target was hit in August 2011, rather poetically on the day of the August GATA conference in London. Can he correctly forecast the gold market again? We cannot say for sure, but Jim is better placed than almost anyone else to try. Gold investors will be greatly helped in their journey by this market heavyweight.
You can regularly hear Jim speak on King World News, and we also highly recommend his website that is a fantastic free resource for gold investors: www.jsmineset.com.
Ben was previously a trader in the fixed income markets, and was previously head of trading at RBS Greenwich Capital in London. We had the pleasure of interviewing Ben earlier in 2012. Ben’s fund, Hinde Capital, produces some of the best research for gold and silver investors. Hinde’s research is deep, extensive and highly educational, but be warned it can sometimes be over 50 pages long. Ben’s reports cover a range of areas from the danger of gold ETFs, state intervention in markets, and even short term market updates with a specific market call. There are few, if any, who can call markets consistently over the short term, by Ben, like Jim Sinclair above, is one of the best placed to do so. His piece ‘Silver Criticality’ was one of the best short term calls in the volatile silver market. He told us he had to rush this out in 24 hours, in time with his suddenly building hunch about a drop in the silver price. Ben’s research will also direct you onto other great academics, analysts and traders, such as Peter Bernholz, Didier Sornette, Benoit Mandelbrot and others, whose research, books and insights will also help your investing and world view.
You can read reports from Hinde Capital here, and Ben also features regularly on King World News. You can enjoy Ben’s Tweetstream and personal insights into his business life via @HindeCapital.
Eric is another investor not afraid to call individuals and institutions to account. He is an outspoken critique of the meddling of central bankers, and campaigns for greater fairness in the precious metals markets. Specifically Eric has a grievance with the price discovery process that sets the gold and silver prices. He believes the paper and derivatives markets set the gold price, when it is in fact the physical market that is the real and honest market investors should participate in. It was for this reason that Eric called on silver miners to think differently about the silver bullion product they produce.
Eric appears regularly on King World News, and he and others from Sprott AM write excellent monthly newsletters called ‘Markets at a Glance’.
James is a great student of sound money and Austrian economics, and is now heavily focused on educating investors and voters. He co-authored ‘Dollar Collapse’ with John Rubino, a financial book about the demise of the dollar and how to profit from it. The book and the associated website (DollarCollapse.com) come highly recommended; you can also read our comment and analysis on this website. James’ GoldMoney Foundation does great work spreading the word about gold, silver, and the problems in the global financial system. The foundation’s interviews with academics, politicians, investors and traders may well aid your gold investment knowledge.
James is another regular on the financial news site, King World News.
Jim has become a well-known figure in the precious metals markets due to his breadth and depth of financial knowledge, including monetary history and gold. He is another favourite on investment podcasts, financial news shows, and money websites. Jim’s book ‘Currency Wars: The Making of the Next Global Crisis’ became a New York Times bestseller, and is now a much read and cited financial book. During the promotion of this book economist Nouriel Roubini called out Jim via Twitter for his discussion of the gold standard. In our humble opinion Jim proved to be much better versed in the detail of this technical discussion than Mr Roubini, who continues to broad cast strong opinions of the direction of the gold price without much of a record.
You can regularly hear Jim talking gold, the markets and the economy on King World News, whilst his regular blogs on Seeking Alpha are also highly recommended. You can follow Jim on Twitter via @JamesGRickards, for an amusing and insightful Tweetstream.
The golden quintet
We hope you enjoy listening to and reading these commentators. We think you’ll find their analysis educational and even eye-opening. Sir Isaac Newton once quipped: “If I have seen further it is by standing on ye sholders of Giants [sic]”. You may well be able to use the individuals above to do similarly, and understand more about the future of the gold and silver prices. (As mentioned above do use the comments section below to add your opinions and favourite gold commentators.)
There are a range of commentators on the precious metals but there is a golden elite whose insights, opinions and research should not be missed by gold investors. These gold market luminaries can be found in a number of places, and come from a variety of backgrounds. We thought it a good moment to pay our respects, explain to others why these gold commentators are so notable and deserving of your attention, and talk a bit more about why we think they’re so great. Read on for a range of sources that are sure to help your gold investment knowledge.
We’ve compiled a list of our top 5 gold commentators, who are worth seeking out. This is by no means scientific or definitive, but it is a collection of bankers, investors, traders and entrepreneurs who have helped us develop our world view. We have only included commentators that are alive and thus highly accessible today, had we not the late Ferdinand Lips would have surely been included. We have also tried to keep it focused on the gold and silver markets; we would otherwise have been sure to mention the likes of wider forecasters and trend spotters such as Bill Bonner. Tell us if we’ve missed anyone off the list in the comments section below! And, while you’re at it recommend your favourite commentators or analysts.
Jim Sinclair – ‘Mr Gold’
Jim Sinclair is a legendary trader with decades of experience in the gold, silver, commodities, and foreign exchange markets. He is often known as Mr Gold because of his hugely deep knowledge of and association with the gold market. Jim grew up amongst trading royalty, his father being business partners with Jesse Livermore. He has built and sold a number of financial businesses, worked as a advisor to the Hunt brothers in the early 1980s to help run down their silver position, and has published numerous magazine articles and books about investment and the markets.Back in 2000 Jim forecast a gold price of $1,760 in ten years’ time. His price target was hit in August 2011, rather poetically on the day of the August GATA conference in London. Can he correctly forecast the gold market again? We cannot say for sure, but Jim is better placed than almost anyone else to try. Gold investors will be greatly helped in their journey by this market heavyweight.
You can regularly hear Jim speak on King World News, and we also highly recommend his website that is a fantastic free resource for gold investors: www.jsmineset.com.
Ben Davies
Since founding his precious metals fund in 2007, Ben Davies has shot to prominence in the precious metals markets where he is one of the top commentators and investors. His place at number two in our list is all the more remarkable because he is many years (in some cases decades!) younger than the assembled company. His historical grasp of the gold and silver markets lacks precious little when compared to more senior others listed here.Ben was previously a trader in the fixed income markets, and was previously head of trading at RBS Greenwich Capital in London. We had the pleasure of interviewing Ben earlier in 2012. Ben’s fund, Hinde Capital, produces some of the best research for gold and silver investors. Hinde’s research is deep, extensive and highly educational, but be warned it can sometimes be over 50 pages long. Ben’s reports cover a range of areas from the danger of gold ETFs, state intervention in markets, and even short term market updates with a specific market call. There are few, if any, who can call markets consistently over the short term, by Ben, like Jim Sinclair above, is one of the best placed to do so. His piece ‘Silver Criticality’ was one of the best short term calls in the volatile silver market. He told us he had to rush this out in 24 hours, in time with his suddenly building hunch about a drop in the silver price. Ben’s research will also direct you onto other great academics, analysts and traders, such as Peter Bernholz, Didier Sornette, Benoit Mandelbrot and others, whose research, books and insights will also help your investing and world view.
You can read reports from Hinde Capital here, and Ben also features regularly on King World News. You can enjoy Ben’s Tweetstream and personal insights into his business life via @HindeCapital.
Eric Sprott
Eric Sprott has many decades of experience in the investment industry and founded the now >$11bn Sprott Asset Management. Eric is one of the most eloquent speakers and writers in the precious metals markets, and another very popular conference speaker. His analyses of wider macro issues affecting currency wars, leverage and debt, and state induced imbalances is superb. Eric is a thought leader for investors, and savers might benefit from listening carefully to him on why keeping money in the bank is not necessarily a safe investment.Eric is another investor not afraid to call individuals and institutions to account. He is an outspoken critique of the meddling of central bankers, and campaigns for greater fairness in the precious metals markets. Specifically Eric has a grievance with the price discovery process that sets the gold and silver prices. He believes the paper and derivatives markets set the gold price, when it is in fact the physical market that is the real and honest market investors should participate in. It was for this reason that Eric called on silver miners to think differently about the silver bullion product they produce.
Eric appears regularly on King World News, and he and others from Sprott AM write excellent monthly newsletters called ‘Markets at a Glance’.
James Turk
James Turk is another godfather of the gold market. He was a trained banker, with Chase Manhattan Bank, before moving into the investment and trading worlds. James also managed commodities for an Abu Dhabi Sovereign Wealth Fund, and has written “The Freemarket Gold & Money Report” since 1987. James’ analysis, and his ‘Fear Index’, have become greatly respected in the precious metals markets.James is a great student of sound money and Austrian economics, and is now heavily focused on educating investors and voters. He co-authored ‘Dollar Collapse’ with John Rubino, a financial book about the demise of the dollar and how to profit from it. The book and the associated website (DollarCollapse.com) come highly recommended; you can also read our comment and analysis on this website. James’ GoldMoney Foundation does great work spreading the word about gold, silver, and the problems in the global financial system. The foundation’s interviews with academics, politicians, investors and traders may well aid your gold investment knowledge.
James is another regular on the financial news site, King World News.
Jim Rickards
Jim Rickards is an investment banker with over three decade’s experience in the markets. He is also a trained lawyer and has served as General Counsel at several financial institutions. Jim was the principal negotiator of the government-sponsored rescue of the LTCM hedge fund collapse of 1998, and also assists the Department of Defence in their understanding of financial warfare.Jim has become a well-known figure in the precious metals markets due to his breadth and depth of financial knowledge, including monetary history and gold. He is another favourite on investment podcasts, financial news shows, and money websites. Jim’s book ‘Currency Wars: The Making of the Next Global Crisis’ became a New York Times bestseller, and is now a much read and cited financial book. During the promotion of this book economist Nouriel Roubini called out Jim via Twitter for his discussion of the gold standard. In our humble opinion Jim proved to be much better versed in the detail of this technical discussion than Mr Roubini, who continues to broad cast strong opinions of the direction of the gold price without much of a record.
You can regularly hear Jim talking gold, the markets and the economy on King World News, whilst his regular blogs on Seeking Alpha are also highly recommended. You can follow Jim on Twitter via @JamesGRickards, for an amusing and insightful Tweetstream.
The golden quintet
We hope you enjoy listening to and reading these commentators. We think you’ll find their analysis educational and even eye-opening. Sir Isaac Newton once quipped: “If I have seen further it is by standing on ye sholders of Giants [sic]”. You may well be able to use the individuals above to do similarly, and understand more about the future of the gold and silver prices. (As mentioned above do use the comments section below to add your opinions and favourite gold commentators.)
2012年5月26日星期六
羅耕:「金三角」
對上一次寫金價,是三個多月前的「金價爆上?」一文。該文指出:「拼圖所示,金價即將要跌,今年5月完成調整後,才有條件直上至2015年的3000美元以上。」
觀金圖者,一定知道上周三在1520/30美元造了第三只腳後,短期底部應已見到,且還急急重上1600美元補回下跌裂口。
究竟上周的調整完成以後,會否真的「直上」3000美元以上?
沒有拼圖永遠對的,今刊另一幅圖,展示大個三角,以供另一角度。
等距再數頂部,是今年8月下旬於1660美元。若然不破,看來無「下一頂」了,底部照度400,即1120/30美元。但縱跌至此,十年牛勢可能仍未破的。
現可先看會否穿1660美元再算。
觀金圖者,一定知道上周三在1520/30美元造了第三只腳後,短期底部應已見到,且還急急重上1600美元補回下跌裂口。
究竟上周的調整完成以後,會否真的「直上」3000美元以上?
沒有拼圖永遠對的,今刊另一幅圖,展示大個三角,以供另一角度。
等距再數頂部,是今年8月下旬於1660美元。若然不破,看來無「下一頂」了,底部照度400,即1120/30美元。但縱跌至此,十年牛勢可能仍未破的。
現可先看會否穿1660美元再算。
羅家聰:歐羅難過這一關最快後年可解散
歐債危機危急到什麼地步?從來以為,最危急的是債務到期而未能嘗還或續期,或因金額太大,或因成本(最新債息)太高。之前曾刊歐豬每月到期國債金額本利和,事隔已近數月,情況大為不同,故今文上半部分對此更新,下半部分再看融資成本。
希臘在強迫外界自願(forcedvoluntary)削債過後,未來三個月(即6、7和8月)分別有40億、50億和60億元(歐羅.下同)債務到期【圖1】。很可能執政的左翼早已聲稱,緊縮須輸打,歐羅則贏要。不緊縮教人想到不還錢,今年餘下的200億元債凍過水了。
救市基金餘下幾多
救市基金聲稱有7500億元,但當中有六成(4500億元)即EFSF是靠「認捐」的,主要還靠歐羅區內國家塘水滾塘魚,最終是否拿得出來是一大疑問;另有最多三分一是IMF出的,但講明是「最多」及當中有一半是取自EFSF及EFSM,即又有搵笨成分。粗略估計,很可能僅IMF的大半部分及EFSM的600億元,即共2000餘億元較為實在。換言之,在最壞情況下,聲稱的7500億元可能實得三分一;迄今也差不多用光了。
葡萄牙呢?下半年合計的到期債務本利和200餘億元,與希臘相若,但到期高峰於6月【圖2】。值得注意的是,葡萄牙整條債息曲線已達雙位厘數,現見到的數字隨時大幅上升。對於有2000餘億元的救市基金而言,希葡兩國各200億元理論上不算什麼,但也視乎基金用剩幾多,以及不夠錢時,之前認捐的會否真正兌現,惟外人難知甚詳。
至於愛爾蘭,其本質與另外四豬有別,因為其主打金融,海嘯殺到政府包起銀行才赤字嚴重;而非長年入不敷支的結構問題。回想海嘯之前,其國債占GDP僅兩成幾、經濟增長達5%至10%;隨著海嘯過去、經濟回來,雖仍稱豬,但前景應較其餘四豬好。盡管該國下半年有10億元利息,但無債務到期;另一到期高峰遲至明年4月【圖3】。
西班牙的債務大得多了,比希葡愛三小豬總和還多兩成。該國逢1、4、7和10月有到期高峰,而下半年的兩個高峰比之後的多,皆逾300億元,且利息比例較三小豬高【圖4】。西班牙一路未聞有續債困難,皆因利息受控;但隨著債息漸上5厘和7厘死線,該國出事機會亦愈來愈大。見嗎?到期高峰的利息動輒數十億元,拍住希臘的本利和。
西意兩國息低無事
至於最後亦是最大一豬意大利,則每月到期也達250億至400餘億元,高峰並不規律,利息比例也不定【圖5】。希葡西的到期高峰今年為6至8月及10月,但意大利的卻幾乎遍及整個下半年,以12月最多。截至日前,五年期及以上一段的國債孳息已逾5厘,其所面臨的命運似乎跟西班牙的並不相去太遠──息低無事,但息升則即出事。
剛剛看過,歐豬中除愛爾蘭外,其餘四豬多少相似。究竟三豬會否步希臘後塵?關鍵不出兩個:一是經濟轉壞幾快;一是債息抽升幾急。兩者雖然很可能互為因果,但經濟較為靜態,債息抽升才顯危急性。觀乎希臘兩年期債息於2010年年初升穿5厘後,五季後的2011年4月達15厘,之後對數升速加快,再五季後的2012年2月達200厘,正式違約【圖6】。這相當於債息升穿5厘後兩年半玩完,或見雙位厘數後一年許玩完。
再觀圖6,以葡萄牙同是兩年期息看,目前相當於五季前的希臘,兩者走勢頗似。至於年初息跌至今,或因受惠LTRO,但近日似拒絕回落;會否步希臘後塵加快升速,以圖論圖即將揭曉。如果換上愛爾蘭與希臘比較,則兩息的軌跡沒這麼似了【圖7】。畢竟如上所述,愛爾蘭無論在客觀背景上及實際債務到期情況,均與其餘四豬有異。
意國最快2014年違約
再換上西班牙與希臘比較的話,前者縱步後塵亦處較初階段,兩息相距兩年四個月【圖8】。依此推算,目前的西班牙恍如2010年年初的希臘,債務危機只炒了半年上下,等到真正違約或是2014年上半年事。類似現象見諸意大利與希臘兩年期息的比較,只是時差稍稍縮短至兩年一個月【圖9】。現在的意大利就如2010年年中的希臘般似的,而若前者如後者般發展下去的話,又再以圖論圖,最快2014年第一季應可正式違約。
拼圖用上兩年期息,是因為短息對違約的實時性較敏感。不過,短息較長息波動,偏偏反應過敏既是優點也是缺點。若然換上十年債息,反映的便是較長線的還錢能力。如果眾豬與希臘的十年長息發展軌跡也似,那也許是「他朝君體也相同」的征兆了。
同是相隔一年四個月,十年葡息與希息走勢甚似【圖10】,之後故事與前述無異。至於愛爾蘭,最後一筆十年期債到期後無再發了,過去半年並無報價,是故無圖可拼;但就之前一段所見,不似。這再次印證愛爾蘭不是希臘翻版。若換上西班牙,就十分似了【圖11】。再換上意大利呢,同樣有點相似,但時差要稍拉長【圖12】。
這里所有拼圖,大抵假設了南歐四豬將行同一軌跡,問的只是其在什麼階段而已。假設四豬將行同一軌跡的背後,就是假設四豬經濟背景相若,變相亦是假設四豬沿用相似的經濟模式運行,受制同一貨幣政策下長期入不敷支以至資不抵債,最終破產。
所謂合久必分,要散的始終要散。發歐羅共同債,變相是德國為全歐的債務包底,難聽點講就是「眾豬齊共德國的產」,換著誰在德國立場都會反對。不過,公道講句,眾豬之所以搞到今天的田地,理財不善固然是主因,但在德國主導政策下使情況惡化,卻是毋庸置疑。究竟德國在救眾豬上最終應負多少道義責任,條數難計,亦難說清。
分散是遲早的事
然而,共同債券只是在貨幣政策一體化下進一步把財政政策也一體化,以便統一。打個譬喻,這好比在一個十七人的大家庭內,把所有決策集中處理,以免成員鬧不和。不過,要是各成員想法大異甚至背馳,統一決策只能達致「面和心不和」的表面效果,縱使決策民主,但最終亦有難以真心服從多數的「小數」要搬出去。散,乃遲早的事。
那末這十七成員會否拆散成十七個家?看來未必。直觀而言,拆成幾個機會較大。共享貨幣的目的是節省交易成本,理論上貨幣愈少愈好;但另一邊廂,貨幣覆蓋面愈廣,政策便愈難適應大多數人(或國家)。是故究竟全球最好應有幾多貨幣是個有趣問題。類似問題見諸語言之上,去年便有題為HowMany Languages Do WeNeed一新書面世。看來這類問題的答案都在「中庸之道」,一人一幣或全球一幣等極端選擇,都非最佳。
十七歐國同用一幣,從十幾年來分歧來看並非最佳。故還是那句:散,乃遲早的事。
希臘在強迫外界自願(forcedvoluntary)削債過後,未來三個月(即6、7和8月)分別有40億、50億和60億元(歐羅.下同)債務到期【圖1】。很可能執政的左翼早已聲稱,緊縮須輸打,歐羅則贏要。不緊縮教人想到不還錢,今年餘下的200億元債凍過水了。
救市基金餘下幾多
救市基金聲稱有7500億元,但當中有六成(4500億元)即EFSF是靠「認捐」的,主要還靠歐羅區內國家塘水滾塘魚,最終是否拿得出來是一大疑問;另有最多三分一是IMF出的,但講明是「最多」及當中有一半是取自EFSF及EFSM,即又有搵笨成分。粗略估計,很可能僅IMF的大半部分及EFSM的600億元,即共2000餘億元較為實在。換言之,在最壞情況下,聲稱的7500億元可能實得三分一;迄今也差不多用光了。
葡萄牙呢?下半年合計的到期債務本利和200餘億元,與希臘相若,但到期高峰於6月【圖2】。值得注意的是,葡萄牙整條債息曲線已達雙位厘數,現見到的數字隨時大幅上升。對於有2000餘億元的救市基金而言,希葡兩國各200億元理論上不算什麼,但也視乎基金用剩幾多,以及不夠錢時,之前認捐的會否真正兌現,惟外人難知甚詳。
至於愛爾蘭,其本質與另外四豬有別,因為其主打金融,海嘯殺到政府包起銀行才赤字嚴重;而非長年入不敷支的結構問題。回想海嘯之前,其國債占GDP僅兩成幾、經濟增長達5%至10%;隨著海嘯過去、經濟回來,雖仍稱豬,但前景應較其餘四豬好。盡管該國下半年有10億元利息,但無債務到期;另一到期高峰遲至明年4月【圖3】。
西班牙的債務大得多了,比希葡愛三小豬總和還多兩成。該國逢1、4、7和10月有到期高峰,而下半年的兩個高峰比之後的多,皆逾300億元,且利息比例較三小豬高【圖4】。西班牙一路未聞有續債困難,皆因利息受控;但隨著債息漸上5厘和7厘死線,該國出事機會亦愈來愈大。見嗎?到期高峰的利息動輒數十億元,拍住希臘的本利和。
西意兩國息低無事
至於最後亦是最大一豬意大利,則每月到期也達250億至400餘億元,高峰並不規律,利息比例也不定【圖5】。希葡西的到期高峰今年為6至8月及10月,但意大利的卻幾乎遍及整個下半年,以12月最多。截至日前,五年期及以上一段的國債孳息已逾5厘,其所面臨的命運似乎跟西班牙的並不相去太遠──息低無事,但息升則即出事。
剛剛看過,歐豬中除愛爾蘭外,其餘四豬多少相似。究竟三豬會否步希臘後塵?關鍵不出兩個:一是經濟轉壞幾快;一是債息抽升幾急。兩者雖然很可能互為因果,但經濟較為靜態,債息抽升才顯危急性。觀乎希臘兩年期債息於2010年年初升穿5厘後,五季後的2011年4月達15厘,之後對數升速加快,再五季後的2012年2月達200厘,正式違約【圖6】。這相當於債息升穿5厘後兩年半玩完,或見雙位厘數後一年許玩完。
再觀圖6,以葡萄牙同是兩年期息看,目前相當於五季前的希臘,兩者走勢頗似。至於年初息跌至今,或因受惠LTRO,但近日似拒絕回落;會否步希臘後塵加快升速,以圖論圖即將揭曉。如果換上愛爾蘭與希臘比較,則兩息的軌跡沒這麼似了【圖7】。畢竟如上所述,愛爾蘭無論在客觀背景上及實際債務到期情況,均與其餘四豬有異。
意國最快2014年違約
再換上西班牙與希臘比較的話,前者縱步後塵亦處較初階段,兩息相距兩年四個月【圖8】。依此推算,目前的西班牙恍如2010年年初的希臘,債務危機只炒了半年上下,等到真正違約或是2014年上半年事。類似現象見諸意大利與希臘兩年期息的比較,只是時差稍稍縮短至兩年一個月【圖9】。現在的意大利就如2010年年中的希臘般似的,而若前者如後者般發展下去的話,又再以圖論圖,最快2014年第一季應可正式違約。
拼圖用上兩年期息,是因為短息對違約的實時性較敏感。不過,短息較長息波動,偏偏反應過敏既是優點也是缺點。若然換上十年債息,反映的便是較長線的還錢能力。如果眾豬與希臘的十年長息發展軌跡也似,那也許是「他朝君體也相同」的征兆了。
同是相隔一年四個月,十年葡息與希息走勢甚似【圖10】,之後故事與前述無異。至於愛爾蘭,最後一筆十年期債到期後無再發了,過去半年並無報價,是故無圖可拼;但就之前一段所見,不似。這再次印證愛爾蘭不是希臘翻版。若換上西班牙,就十分似了【圖11】。再換上意大利呢,同樣有點相似,但時差要稍拉長【圖12】。
這里所有拼圖,大抵假設了南歐四豬將行同一軌跡,問的只是其在什麼階段而已。假設四豬將行同一軌跡的背後,就是假設四豬經濟背景相若,變相亦是假設四豬沿用相似的經濟模式運行,受制同一貨幣政策下長期入不敷支以至資不抵債,最終破產。
所謂合久必分,要散的始終要散。發歐羅共同債,變相是德國為全歐的債務包底,難聽點講就是「眾豬齊共德國的產」,換著誰在德國立場都會反對。不過,公道講句,眾豬之所以搞到今天的田地,理財不善固然是主因,但在德國主導政策下使情況惡化,卻是毋庸置疑。究竟德國在救眾豬上最終應負多少道義責任,條數難計,亦難說清。
分散是遲早的事
然而,共同債券只是在貨幣政策一體化下進一步把財政政策也一體化,以便統一。打個譬喻,這好比在一個十七人的大家庭內,把所有決策集中處理,以免成員鬧不和。不過,要是各成員想法大異甚至背馳,統一決策只能達致「面和心不和」的表面效果,縱使決策民主,但最終亦有難以真心服從多數的「小數」要搬出去。散,乃遲早的事。
那末這十七成員會否拆散成十七個家?看來未必。直觀而言,拆成幾個機會較大。共享貨幣的目的是節省交易成本,理論上貨幣愈少愈好;但另一邊廂,貨幣覆蓋面愈廣,政策便愈難適應大多數人(或國家)。是故究竟全球最好應有幾多貨幣是個有趣問題。類似問題見諸語言之上,去年便有題為HowMany Languages Do WeNeed一新書面世。看來這類問題的答案都在「中庸之道」,一人一幣或全球一幣等極端選擇,都非最佳。
十七歐國同用一幣,從十幾年來分歧來看並非最佳。故還是那句:散,乃遲早的事。
瘋傳希臘退出歐元區 陰謀的味道在彌漫
隨著希臘各政黨組建聯合政府努力的失敗,6月份舉行重新議會選舉已經不可避免。與此同時,一個困擾歐盟多時的問題重新成為熱門話題——希臘是否會退出歐元區?其實更關鍵一點便是對“歐盟或歐元區是否會崩潰?”的疑問。
2009年希臘債務危機爆發以來,希臘退出歐元區一直是歐洲政治家們的一個禁忌話題,但最近,歐洲央行行長德拉吉和國際貨幣基金組織總裁拉加德最近都公開談論希臘退出的問題。市場上更是掀起一場熱烈討論,而歐元兌美元卻在爭論中持續下挫。實際上筆者更傾向於希臘不會退出歐元區,而德拉吉和拉加德的言論無法是向希臘施壓要求其堅定的執行緊縮政策。
然而,法國和希臘的選舉告訴我們,“緊縮計劃疲勞症”已開始顯現。對於許多國家而言,看上去不存在擺脫蕭條、通縮和絕望的可信退出策略。希臘能否退出歐元區暫時還沒有定論,但是德國竭力主張的財政緊縮政策,卻肯定要面臨調整了。整個歐元區的形勢目前不容樂觀,很可能歐元區經濟在2012年實現“零增長”,甚至會出現衰退。歐元區的緊縮政策短期內并沒有讓外界看到成效。而所能看到的只有法國經濟停滯不前;意西等國的經濟繼續萎縮;銀行業面臨危機;民眾的生活惡化;及大規模罷工游行的爆發所造成的社會的動盪。
財政緊縮不會改善正在萎縮的經濟體的狀況。國際貨幣基金組織資料顯示,從2008年至2013年,愛爾蘭、意大利、西班牙和葡萄牙的總公共債務與國內生產總值(GDP)之比每年都將上升,而不是下降。希臘的該比率將會短暫下降,但原因僅僅是債務重組。最觸目驚心的數據是失業率。15歲至25歲年輕人的失業率,希臘和西班牙是51%,葡萄牙和意大利是36%,愛爾蘭則是30%。法國年輕人的就業狀況好一些,但形勢也很嚴峻,年輕人失業比例達到五分之一。
希臘議會6月將重新選舉,左翼獲勝的幾率很大,但這并不意味著退出的幾率也很大。因為左翼雖然持反緊縮立場,但并不主張退出歐元區。就希臘自身而言,如果退出,以其薄弱財力,或者說低信用度的舊貨幣德拉克馬,是很難借到錢發展經濟的。前不久希臘的一份民意調查顯示,有82%的希臘人,不愿意退出歐元區。當然,他們也不愿意接受與援助同時到來的苛刻的緊縮條款。
從經濟層面來講,希臘退出歐元區的成本高昂,代表約450 家金融機構的國際金融協會在二月秘密發布報告中稱,這一費用將達到一萬億歐元。包括歐洲央行、私營金融機構以及其他歐元區成員國在內的各國將面臨高昂的融資成本,因為歐債危機擴散將沖擊各國債券市場。就希臘自身而言,如果退出以其薄弱財力,或者說垃圾級的主權信用是很難借到錢發展經濟的。
如果希臘退出并重新使用本幣德拉克馬,面臨的首要沖擊便是通貨膨脹。這將不可避免地導致希臘貨幣在短期內迅速大幅貶值以及恐慌性資本外逃的發生。希臘銀行正在面臨擠兌潮風險,自2009年希臘債務危機爆發后,該國一直存在較嚴重的資產外流情況。過去兩年中,希臘本地銀行的存款流失速度平均在每月16至24億歐元左右,并在今年1月創下53億歐元的紀錄。假如希臘退出歐元區,而該國銀行業擠兌危機繼續升級,并很可能引發整個歐洲金融市場的全面危機。
從政治上來看,歐盟也是很難接受希臘的離去。經過歐洲半個多世紀的努力,歐盟已經成為當今國際社會中最大、最成熟、最成功的地區一體化組織。通過簽訂一系列法律文件,不斷深化歐盟區域聯合,發行了歐洲統一貨幣,確定了歐洲經濟貨幣聯盟和歐洲政治聯盟框架,描繪了歐洲聯邦制的宏偉藍圖。歐盟在世界上的地位逐步提高,影響力與日俱增。德、法等歐盟核心國獲益良多。這種良好的發展態勢和對歐洲未來的理想絕對不會因為希臘主權債務危機而中斷。
歐元區債務危機來勢洶洶,對歐洲沖擊巨大。但是,正是因為前期歐洲一體化所帶來的成員國政治經濟的協調加深,致使歐盟成員國能夠“抱團抗災”,使其所受到的沖擊大大減弱。嘗到甜頭的歐盟成員國只會加快一體化進程,謀取歐盟全球利益的最大化。所以,危機也為歐盟加快一體化進程創造了一個極佳的外部壓力環境。歐盟核心成員國化危為機,利用危機給成員國帶來的壓力,加速推進了一體化進程。
由此可見,如果希臘退出歐元區,歐元區遇到的風險或將超過希臘、超過歐洲所能承受的程度。所以,歐洲官方主流表態依然支持希臘留在歐元區。歐元集團主席容克表示,歐元區不會放棄希臘。德國總理默克爾也表示,希望希臘能夠留在歐元區。
那么,又是什么原因讓希臘是否會退出歐元區的話題,如此被市場關注,并造成風聲鶴唳,草木皆兵呢?
筆者分析有三:第一,希臘政客利用退出要挾歐盟,從而既能放松財政緊縮,又能繼續得到援助,同時還能得到民眾的支持。所以,退出歐元區造成的種種負面后果,并不符合這些政客的利益;也不符合歐盟和整個歐元區的利益。
迄今為止,歐洲已經為救希臘花了大約3000億歐元,這相當於希臘全年GDP的1.8倍。對出手援助希臘的歐洲央行、國際貨幣基金組織和歐盟各國政府而言,希臘人過度消費了各界對他們的信任。如果這時希臘退出歐元區,雖然不必再為救希臘人掏腰包,但已經花出去的3000億歐元也就打了水漂。同時,希臘退出歐元區將使整個歐盟背上沉重的資金包袱,為避免希臘徹底破產并防止事態向其他國家蔓延,歐盟將被迫繼續付出更多代價。
第二,希臘一旦退出歐元區,很可能推倒多米諾骨牌,最終令歐元區解體,歐元消亡。也比較符合美國人的利益,這是美元霸權被挑戰之后一直夢寐以求的。美元現在面對著歐元的挑戰,同時還要防范人民幣異軍突起,這個時候歐元如何能夠倒掉,那么就可以回手專心對付人民幣。
事實上,歐債危機背后摻雜了更深層較量,即美元與歐元主導權較量的“貨幣戰爭”,美元對歐元的打擊也并不僅僅是針對歐元的幣值,而是針對其在國際貨幣體系中的對美元霸權地位的挑戰。從趨勢看,美元的儲備地位的確受到了重創。金融危機后,美元回流和新增外匯儲備的幣種結構之間發生了改變,在分配其新增外匯儲備的幣種結構時,各國貨幣當局從總體上開始傾向於降低美元在美元儲備中的地位。
自從歐洲主權債務危機開始,美國三大評級機構就不停的在歐洲上空徘徊,時不時的出手立威。歐元及整個金融市場都隨著評級機構的動作波蕩起伏。曾有多位歐洲領導人痛批三大評級機構在歐洲主權債務危機中推波助瀾。三大評級機構在歐洲,不顧歐盟和國際貨幣基金組織的救助,也無視歐元區問題國家所采取的積極措施,一味下調信用評級。可以看出,這三大國際評級機構只是美國加強對世界經濟操控的一個工具,三大評級機構在全球范圍內頻繁唱衰歐元,是在變相地幫助美國政府。它們推動市場避險情緒,把更多的資金趕往美國資本市場,為美國國債尋找到買家并且壓低市場利率。希臘組閣失敗后,馬上就見到評級機構的身影,也是如此。
第三,對沖基金推動希臘退出歐元區的消息,打壓歐元走勢,從而獲得更多的收益。自五月初以來,以歐元為首的非美貨幣跌勢不休。5月1日開始的19個交易日,歐元兌美元有16個交易日以下跌報收,跌幅更是接近800點。截至5月21日,IMM的歐元空頭倉位已經接近了歷史最高水平。市場投機者所持有的歐元兌美元未平倉和約數已經從上周的14.4萬份達到了當前的17.3萬份,超過了此前1月份時創出的歷史最高水平。
美聯儲在推出第一輪量化寬松后,曾利用歐債危機狙擊歐元;在第二輪量化寬松政策之后,又一次利用歐債余波,大舉狙擊歐元;這一次市場一度度預期美聯儲將推出第三輪量化寬松政策,卻遲遲不見QE3的身影。隨后歐債危機發酵,希臘組閣失敗,市場焦點轉向歐洲,直接將歐元推向風口浪尖,很難說這些都是巧合。
2009年希臘債務危機爆發以來,希臘退出歐元區一直是歐洲政治家們的一個禁忌話題,但最近,歐洲央行行長德拉吉和國際貨幣基金組織總裁拉加德最近都公開談論希臘退出的問題。市場上更是掀起一場熱烈討論,而歐元兌美元卻在爭論中持續下挫。實際上筆者更傾向於希臘不會退出歐元區,而德拉吉和拉加德的言論無法是向希臘施壓要求其堅定的執行緊縮政策。
然而,法國和希臘的選舉告訴我們,“緊縮計劃疲勞症”已開始顯現。對於許多國家而言,看上去不存在擺脫蕭條、通縮和絕望的可信退出策略。希臘能否退出歐元區暫時還沒有定論,但是德國竭力主張的財政緊縮政策,卻肯定要面臨調整了。整個歐元區的形勢目前不容樂觀,很可能歐元區經濟在2012年實現“零增長”,甚至會出現衰退。歐元區的緊縮政策短期內并沒有讓外界看到成效。而所能看到的只有法國經濟停滯不前;意西等國的經濟繼續萎縮;銀行業面臨危機;民眾的生活惡化;及大規模罷工游行的爆發所造成的社會的動盪。
財政緊縮不會改善正在萎縮的經濟體的狀況。國際貨幣基金組織資料顯示,從2008年至2013年,愛爾蘭、意大利、西班牙和葡萄牙的總公共債務與國內生產總值(GDP)之比每年都將上升,而不是下降。希臘的該比率將會短暫下降,但原因僅僅是債務重組。最觸目驚心的數據是失業率。15歲至25歲年輕人的失業率,希臘和西班牙是51%,葡萄牙和意大利是36%,愛爾蘭則是30%。法國年輕人的就業狀況好一些,但形勢也很嚴峻,年輕人失業比例達到五分之一。
希臘議會6月將重新選舉,左翼獲勝的幾率很大,但這并不意味著退出的幾率也很大。因為左翼雖然持反緊縮立場,但并不主張退出歐元區。就希臘自身而言,如果退出,以其薄弱財力,或者說低信用度的舊貨幣德拉克馬,是很難借到錢發展經濟的。前不久希臘的一份民意調查顯示,有82%的希臘人,不愿意退出歐元區。當然,他們也不愿意接受與援助同時到來的苛刻的緊縮條款。
從經濟層面來講,希臘退出歐元區的成本高昂,代表約450 家金融機構的國際金融協會在二月秘密發布報告中稱,這一費用將達到一萬億歐元。包括歐洲央行、私營金融機構以及其他歐元區成員國在內的各國將面臨高昂的融資成本,因為歐債危機擴散將沖擊各國債券市場。就希臘自身而言,如果退出以其薄弱財力,或者說垃圾級的主權信用是很難借到錢發展經濟的。
如果希臘退出并重新使用本幣德拉克馬,面臨的首要沖擊便是通貨膨脹。這將不可避免地導致希臘貨幣在短期內迅速大幅貶值以及恐慌性資本外逃的發生。希臘銀行正在面臨擠兌潮風險,自2009年希臘債務危機爆發后,該國一直存在較嚴重的資產外流情況。過去兩年中,希臘本地銀行的存款流失速度平均在每月16至24億歐元左右,并在今年1月創下53億歐元的紀錄。假如希臘退出歐元區,而該國銀行業擠兌危機繼續升級,并很可能引發整個歐洲金融市場的全面危機。
從政治上來看,歐盟也是很難接受希臘的離去。經過歐洲半個多世紀的努力,歐盟已經成為當今國際社會中最大、最成熟、最成功的地區一體化組織。通過簽訂一系列法律文件,不斷深化歐盟區域聯合,發行了歐洲統一貨幣,確定了歐洲經濟貨幣聯盟和歐洲政治聯盟框架,描繪了歐洲聯邦制的宏偉藍圖。歐盟在世界上的地位逐步提高,影響力與日俱增。德、法等歐盟核心國獲益良多。這種良好的發展態勢和對歐洲未來的理想絕對不會因為希臘主權債務危機而中斷。
歐元區債務危機來勢洶洶,對歐洲沖擊巨大。但是,正是因為前期歐洲一體化所帶來的成員國政治經濟的協調加深,致使歐盟成員國能夠“抱團抗災”,使其所受到的沖擊大大減弱。嘗到甜頭的歐盟成員國只會加快一體化進程,謀取歐盟全球利益的最大化。所以,危機也為歐盟加快一體化進程創造了一個極佳的外部壓力環境。歐盟核心成員國化危為機,利用危機給成員國帶來的壓力,加速推進了一體化進程。
由此可見,如果希臘退出歐元區,歐元區遇到的風險或將超過希臘、超過歐洲所能承受的程度。所以,歐洲官方主流表態依然支持希臘留在歐元區。歐元集團主席容克表示,歐元區不會放棄希臘。德國總理默克爾也表示,希望希臘能夠留在歐元區。
那么,又是什么原因讓希臘是否會退出歐元區的話題,如此被市場關注,并造成風聲鶴唳,草木皆兵呢?
筆者分析有三:第一,希臘政客利用退出要挾歐盟,從而既能放松財政緊縮,又能繼續得到援助,同時還能得到民眾的支持。所以,退出歐元區造成的種種負面后果,并不符合這些政客的利益;也不符合歐盟和整個歐元區的利益。
迄今為止,歐洲已經為救希臘花了大約3000億歐元,這相當於希臘全年GDP的1.8倍。對出手援助希臘的歐洲央行、國際貨幣基金組織和歐盟各國政府而言,希臘人過度消費了各界對他們的信任。如果這時希臘退出歐元區,雖然不必再為救希臘人掏腰包,但已經花出去的3000億歐元也就打了水漂。同時,希臘退出歐元區將使整個歐盟背上沉重的資金包袱,為避免希臘徹底破產并防止事態向其他國家蔓延,歐盟將被迫繼續付出更多代價。
第二,希臘一旦退出歐元區,很可能推倒多米諾骨牌,最終令歐元區解體,歐元消亡。也比較符合美國人的利益,這是美元霸權被挑戰之后一直夢寐以求的。美元現在面對著歐元的挑戰,同時還要防范人民幣異軍突起,這個時候歐元如何能夠倒掉,那么就可以回手專心對付人民幣。
事實上,歐債危機背后摻雜了更深層較量,即美元與歐元主導權較量的“貨幣戰爭”,美元對歐元的打擊也并不僅僅是針對歐元的幣值,而是針對其在國際貨幣體系中的對美元霸權地位的挑戰。從趨勢看,美元的儲備地位的確受到了重創。金融危機后,美元回流和新增外匯儲備的幣種結構之間發生了改變,在分配其新增外匯儲備的幣種結構時,各國貨幣當局從總體上開始傾向於降低美元在美元儲備中的地位。
自從歐洲主權債務危機開始,美國三大評級機構就不停的在歐洲上空徘徊,時不時的出手立威。歐元及整個金融市場都隨著評級機構的動作波蕩起伏。曾有多位歐洲領導人痛批三大評級機構在歐洲主權債務危機中推波助瀾。三大評級機構在歐洲,不顧歐盟和國際貨幣基金組織的救助,也無視歐元區問題國家所采取的積極措施,一味下調信用評級。可以看出,這三大國際評級機構只是美國加強對世界經濟操控的一個工具,三大評級機構在全球范圍內頻繁唱衰歐元,是在變相地幫助美國政府。它們推動市場避險情緒,把更多的資金趕往美國資本市場,為美國國債尋找到買家并且壓低市場利率。希臘組閣失敗后,馬上就見到評級機構的身影,也是如此。
第三,對沖基金推動希臘退出歐元區的消息,打壓歐元走勢,從而獲得更多的收益。自五月初以來,以歐元為首的非美貨幣跌勢不休。5月1日開始的19個交易日,歐元兌美元有16個交易日以下跌報收,跌幅更是接近800點。截至5月21日,IMM的歐元空頭倉位已經接近了歷史最高水平。市場投機者所持有的歐元兌美元未平倉和約數已經從上周的14.4萬份達到了當前的17.3萬份,超過了此前1月份時創出的歷史最高水平。
美聯儲在推出第一輪量化寬松后,曾利用歐債危機狙擊歐元;在第二輪量化寬松政策之后,又一次利用歐債余波,大舉狙擊歐元;這一次市場一度度預期美聯儲將推出第三輪量化寬松政策,卻遲遲不見QE3的身影。隨后歐債危機發酵,希臘組閣失敗,市場焦點轉向歐洲,直接將歐元推向風口浪尖,很難說這些都是巧合。
2012年5月25日星期五
關於近期風險與趨勢的提示
中國貨幣超發到什麼程度,1990年是1.53萬億,現在是人民幣 90萬億,
比美國多出40%時寒冰
歐債危機如期惡化。正如我在《時寒冰說:經濟大棋局,我們怎麼辦》中畫出的歐債危機路線圖,正在一步步成為現實:希臘局勢急劇惡化,西班牙緊隨其後,聯接得近乎完美。其實,3月27日,我在《伯南克的至尊魔戒與棋局》中,也再次對現在的趨勢進行了分析,歐債危機惡化是必然的。原文是:“當伯南克擺好棋局,它等待的將是:一、下一個希臘——葡萄牙、西班牙債務危機的惡化。二、日本債務危機爆發。三、中國貨幣泡沫+地產泡沫+股市泡沫及隨後的破滅”。現在處於第一階段,希臘和葡萄牙、西班牙債務危機惡化階段。這再次印證了:大棋局一旦確認,便難以逆轉。一切都在按部就班進展中。因此,要從大棋局的高度去看趨勢。 (另外,5月19日晚上22:05,廣東衛視財經郎眼將播出我與郎咸平教授做的節目,請大家捧場。“長點心吧,中國股市”已經播出,點擊此鏈接可以觀看:
http://shihb.blog.sohu.com/216082704.html)
鑑於外圍局勢變化可能引發的風險,我在sohu微博中,連續數次進行了明確提示,由於一些朋友不看微博,因此,擇選幾則放在博客中,希望能對大家分析、判斷近期趨勢有點用。更多信息請到本人微博查閱,詳見:
http://shihb.t.sohu.com 仅供参考!
01(下图).奥朗德当选法国总统,对欧元国可能分裂的风险提示(2012年5月7日开盘前发出)。
02(下图).对全球股市包括中国股市的影响(2012年5月9日开盘前发出)。
03(下图).联系其他几则微博,奥朗德与默克尔的分歧预示着风险的持续,预示着资本市场调整的持续(2012年5月14日晚上发出)。
04(下图).对全球股市包括中国股市的影响(2012年5月15日开盘前发出)。
05(下图).尽管5月17日A股强势反弹,我仍然再次提示风险,因为欧债危机的风险仍在释放之中(2012年5月17日晚发出)。
06.再次提示风险(2012年5月18日早上)。
07.如何使用网络信息的提示(2012年5月18日早上发出)。
【預告。 2012年(至年底結束)做約四次以內的微型演講,講解國內國際經濟大棋局、大趨勢,並解答每個人的問題,每次僅限8—15人以內,由東方世家根據報名情況審核選定。歸屬於本人的講課費由東方世家直接轉交資助貧困地區孩子讀書。詳見:http://www.oagchina.com/newsdetail.asp?id=161 。預訂未來年度鄭州演講(分析全年大趨勢),詳見:http://www.oagchina.com/newsdetail.asp?id=162 。其他形式的公開演講全部取消。 】
欧洲大型基金抛售欧元资产
FX中文網
欧洲一些最大基金的经理人证实,他们正在抛售欧元资产,目前各方对希腊可能退出欧元区以及欧元动荡越来越担忧。
本月欧元的突然贬值让很多投资者感到意外。过去3周,欧元已贬值5%,而此前今年很长一段时间内,欧元兑美元汇率几乎未动。欧元兑美元汇率昨日触及1欧元兑1.2514美元的22个月新低。
最近几日,欧洲第二大私人基金管理公司Amundi以及英国大型基金管理公司Threadneedle Investments都减少了欧元敞口,因为它们对欧洲政治领导人解决此次危机的努力越来越感到失望。
总部位于美国的货币专业机构Merk Investments本月抛售了其旗舰基金持有的全部欧元资产。
“5月15日,我们出售了我们最后一笔欧元资产,”Merk Investments首席投资官阿克塞尔•默克(Axel Merk)表示,“我们对于这个过程的混乱感到担忧。在希腊,没有人可以交谈。”
为欧洲一些最大养老基金和企业管理资金的Amundi表示,此次危机蔓延至西班牙和意大利等较大经济体的风险正在上升,因为政策制定者未能让投资者相信欧洲已建立一个足够强大的防火墙。
其它大型基金管理公司担心,过去一周,所谓的“希腊退出”(Grexit,指希腊退出欧元区)的可能性急剧上升。
尽管市场越来越担心,希腊的不稳定正破坏投资者对欧元区金融业的信心,但在周三深夜举行的一次峰会上,欧洲领导人搁置了有关支持该地区银行的任何决定。花旗(Citigroup)表示,一旦出现无序违约,欧元可能跌至与美元1:1的水平。
Amundi已将部分资金从欧元计价债券撤出,转而投资美元资产,3年前,Amundi由东方汇理资产管理公司(Crédit Agricole Asset Management)与法国兴业银行资产管理公司(Société Générale Asset Management)合并而成,管理着6590亿欧元的资产。
Amundi固定收益部门全球主管埃里克•布拉德(Eric Brard)表示:“尽管我们减少了欧元敞口,但对于欧洲以及该地区的出口企业而言,欧元贬值可能是个好消息。”
欧洲一些最大基金的经理人证实,他们正在抛售欧元资产,目前各方对希腊可能退出欧元区以及欧元动荡越来越担忧。
本月欧元的突然贬值让很多投资者感到意外。过去3周,欧元已贬值5%,而此前今年很长一段时间内,欧元兑美元汇率几乎未动。欧元兑美元汇率昨日触及1欧元兑1.2514美元的22个月新低。
最近几日,欧洲第二大私人基金管理公司Amundi以及英国大型基金管理公司Threadneedle Investments都减少了欧元敞口,因为它们对欧洲政治领导人解决此次危机的努力越来越感到失望。
总部位于美国的货币专业机构Merk Investments本月抛售了其旗舰基金持有的全部欧元资产。
“5月15日,我们出售了我们最后一笔欧元资产,”Merk Investments首席投资官阿克塞尔•默克(Axel Merk)表示,“我们对于这个过程的混乱感到担忧。在希腊,没有人可以交谈。”
为欧洲一些最大养老基金和企业管理资金的Amundi表示,此次危机蔓延至西班牙和意大利等较大经济体的风险正在上升,因为政策制定者未能让投资者相信欧洲已建立一个足够强大的防火墙。
其它大型基金管理公司担心,过去一周,所谓的“希腊退出”(Grexit,指希腊退出欧元区)的可能性急剧上升。
尽管市场越来越担心,希腊的不稳定正破坏投资者对欧元区金融业的信心,但在周三深夜举行的一次峰会上,欧洲领导人搁置了有关支持该地区银行的任何决定。花旗(Citigroup)表示,一旦出现无序违约,欧元可能跌至与美元1:1的水平。
Amundi已将部分资金从欧元计价债券撤出,转而投资美元资产,3年前,Amundi由东方汇理资产管理公司(Crédit Agricole Asset Management)与法国兴业银行资产管理公司(Société Générale Asset Management)合并而成,管理着6590亿欧元的资产。
Amundi固定收益部门全球主管埃里克•布拉德(Eric Brard)表示:“尽管我们减少了欧元敞口,但对于欧洲以及该地区的出口企业而言,欧元贬值可能是个好消息。”
2012年5月24日星期四
The 2 Billion Dollar Loss By JP Morgan Is Just A Preview Of The Coming Collapse Of The Derivatives Market
http://theeconomiccollapseblog.com/
當消息傳出,摩根大通的投資虧損了20億,金融界大吃了一驚。但這只不過是一個小小的開始,讓我們預覽一下即將發生的衍生市場倒閉的情景。
當大家想到華爾街,就聯想到一群嚴肅和沒有想象力的銀行家,不停的買賣股票和債券。但事實上,在過去的三十年間,這個行業已經有很大變化。今天的華爾街其實已經變成全球最大的一個賭場。
當所謂“大到不能倒閉”的銀行賭贏了,他們就是賺大錢。但當他們賭輸了,他們就大輸錢。摩根大通正正就是賭輸了。但20億算得是什麼。
沒有人能準確知道各大銀行在這個衍生市場所賭的金額,只能夠作估計,而一般的估計就是在700萬億和1,500萬億之間。當這個衍生泡沫爆破的時候,全世界的資金都不足以來挽救。
很可惜的是,當主流傳媒報導這個新聞,他們連“衍生”這兩個字都不敢提及。他們只有用“錯誤投資”來形容這件事。
有趣的是,摩根大通其實是在眾多同業之中最保守的一名,最不願意作高“風險”的投資。因此,如果穩重的摩根大通尚且如是,其他華爾街大行的賭博行為會是更加驚人。
Does Jamie Dimon Even Know What Hedging Risk Is?
關於公司損失了 20億之事,摩根大通的總裁Jamie Dimon說是因為某些對沖活動出了問題引致的。
當消息傳出,摩根大通的投資虧損了20億,金融界大吃了一驚。但這只不過是一個小小的開始,讓我們預覽一下即將發生的衍生市場倒閉的情景。
當大家想到華爾街,就聯想到一群嚴肅和沒有想象力的銀行家,不停的買賣股票和債券。但事實上,在過去的三十年間,這個行業已經有很大變化。今天的華爾街其實已經變成全球最大的一個賭場。
當所謂“大到不能倒閉”的銀行賭贏了,他們就是賺大錢。但當他們賭輸了,他們就大輸錢。摩根大通正正就是賭輸了。但20億算得是什麼。
沒有人能準確知道各大銀行在這個衍生市場所賭的金額,只能夠作估計,而一般的估計就是在700萬億和1,500萬億之間。當這個衍生泡沫爆破的時候,全世界的資金都不足以來挽救。
很可惜的是,當主流傳媒報導這個新聞,他們連“衍生”這兩個字都不敢提及。他們只有用“錯誤投資”來形容這件事。
有趣的是,摩根大通其實是在眾多同業之中最保守的一名,最不願意作高“風險”的投資。因此,如果穩重的摩根大通尚且如是,其他華爾街大行的賭博行為會是更加驚人。
摩根大通總裁關於 "對沖風險" (Hedging)有多少的理解﹖
Does Jamie Dimon Even Know What Hedging Risk Is?
關於公司損失了 20億之事,摩根大通的總裁Jamie Dimon說是因為某些對沖活動出了問題引致的。
但
這個解釋有很大的問題。任何對沖活動都與買保險一樣。你是因為恐怕之前所作的某些投資的價值下跌而蒙受損失,所以你決定買個保險來對沖。對沖的作用就是萬
一你之前所作的投資價值下跌,你不會受損因為對沖的價值相對必然上升。有了對沖的保險,一負一正之下,你就得以補償大部份的損失。這是保險的原理,花少少錢買個安心。
所以如果摩根大通真的只不過是進行對沖活動,絕不會蒙受那麼巨大的虧損。這足以證明摩根大通所作的不是對沖(買保險)而是沒有任何對沖的高風險賭博。(If the loss on your hedges is not being
cancelled-out by gains in your initial portfolio then by definition you are not
hedging risk. You are speculating.)
擁有最巨大的衍生市場合約的頭五名華爾街銀行如下﹕
摩根大通 (J.P.Morgan) :資產1.8萬億 ﹔衍生合約70萬億,是資產的39倍
美國花旗銀行 (Citi Bank):
資產1.3萬億 ﹔衍生合約52萬億,是資產的40倍
美國銀行 (Bank of America): 1.45萬億 ﹔衍生合約50萬億,是資產的34倍
高盛銀行 (Goldman Sachs):
1千億 ﹔衍生合約44萬億,是資產的423倍!!!!
匯豐銀行(美國): 資產2千億 ﹔衍生合約4萬億,是資產的210倍!!!!
從以上可見,這五間銀行的衍生合約(賭博)小部份稍稍出事,銀行的資產已經要蒸發,更何況銀行的資本那一部份呢﹖其實可以說這些銀行實際上已經破了產,只不過是由於政府讓他們報假數,無需要以市場價計算資產值
(mark to market),而是任他們作虛構的資產價值 (mark to model)。銀行很多的資產根本就是壞帳,沒有市場價值,垃圾都不如。
更甚者,單一間摩根大通 (J.P.Morgan) 的70萬億衍生合約就已經等於全球的總生產值
(World GDP) 了!!!
沒有人能準確知道衍生合約的總值有多少。一般的估計是由700萬億 (700 trillion) 至1,500萬億 (1,500 trillion)。全球的總生產值只不過是
更甚者,單一間摩根大通 (J.P.Morgan) 的70萬億衍生合約就已經等於全球的總生產值
(World GDP) 了!!!
沒有人能準確知道衍生合約的總值有多少。一般的估計是由700萬億(700 trillion)至1,500萬億 (1,500 trillion)。全球的總生產值只不過是70萬億。不受監管的衍生市場的總值則是全球GDP的10至21陪。
G. Edward Griffin 細說聯準會
G. Edward Griffin最出名的著作《The Creature from Jekyll Island》,
主要在探討聯準會如何成立和金錢如何被創造的細節。雖然這本書在1994年出版,但讀起來就好像今天才寫的一樣。其內容以淺顯易懂的說故事手法來闡述聯準
會是如何以操控金融體系的方式來奴役人民,書中更一語道破了洛克斐勒(John D.
Rockefeller)在西元1903年設置普通教育委員會(The General Education
Board)基金會的目的,也就是並不像當時廣大群眾所相信的,是要提升美國教育的水準;而是要利用金錢的力量來影響教育方向,目的是藉由教室來傳授並鼓
勵人們對領導者表現出被動且服從的態度。其目標從以前到現在都一樣,就是要創造出有足夠教育水準的公民,在管理監督下可以有效的工作;但是又不能創造出教
育水準太高,高到會質疑權威、尋求超越他們階級的公民。真正的教育只在上流菁英們的子女間傳授,其餘的人,最好是成為沒有特別抱負,不懂享受人生的專業工
人。
包括羅勃特清崎在《有錢人的大陰謀》一書裡也大力推薦此書,2005年時日文、德文版本也陸續問世,不過比較可惜的是至今仍然沒有中文版。
此段演講的影片當中,G. Edward Griffin以幽默風趣但平易近人的方式,讓我們了解到許多原本我們不了解的真相。
包括羅勃特清崎在《有錢人的大陰謀》一書裡也大力推薦此書,2005年時日文、德文版本也陸續問世,不過比較可惜的是至今仍然沒有中文版。
此段演講的影片當中,G. Edward Griffin以幽默風趣但平易近人的方式,讓我們了解到許多原本我們不了解的真相。
金價築雙底 下半年或反彈 未來幾年走勢看好
香港《文匯報》報導,金銀業貿易場理事長張德熙昨 (20) 日出席「直擊金磚五國」尋金之旅研討會時表示,不排除金價會下探上次低位每盎司
1522 美元,甚至更低的 1400 至 1500 美元,但若築成雙底後,有可能在今年第 3 、 4 季反彈,而未來 2 、 3 年仍然看好。
冠一資產管理首席策略師王冠一昨日亦在同一場合表示,金價有可能再試低位,若未來金價跌至 1522 美元後反彈,那麼金價有可能已經築成雙底,金價走勢會向好,有機會升至每盎司 1800 美元。
張德熙並表示,歡迎港交所收購倫敦金屬交易所 (LME) ,指收購有助行業發展,可提升香港的金融地位,市場能從中獲益。他說, LME 是從事期貨交易,而香港金銀業貿易場是從事現貨交易,兩者可互相補充。
張德熙並表示,歡迎港交所收購倫敦金屬交易所 (LME) ,指收購有助行業發展,可提升香港的金融地位,市場能從中獲益。他說, LME 是從事期貨交易,而香港金銀業貿易場是從事現貨交易,兩者可互相補充。
Leading Cycle Theorist Predicts “BIG Volatility Come September/October” ; Reality Will Make Its Way Known
http://www.shtfplan.com/
In the 1970′s he predicted gold’s meteoric rise and its 1980 top to the day. He published a full page advertisement in USA Today warning of the impending collapse of stock markets in the 1987 Savings & Loan crash – and nailed that one to the day. He saw the collapse of the Japanese real estate market and warned his clients that a depression was coming. In the late 1990′s he contacted Russian officials to advise them of an impending meltdown of their currency due to forces beyond their control – and he was right again.
He lives in New York today, but for the better part of the last decade he was held in federal prison. His charge? Officially, nothing. Unofficially, he was held in contempt of court for nearly ten years for refusing to hand over his cyclical economic models to Goldman Sachs and the US Government. According to the powers that be, Armstrong was manipulating the world economy, and because he refused to share his prescient models, they locked him away without charge or trial – indefinitely.
He may sound like a fictional character out of a Hollywood blockbuster, except Martin Armstrong is the real deal, and he’s been warning of a paradigm shift unlike any we have witnessed in history.
With the US government expediently acting to restrict personal liberties, nearly incalculable amounts of national debt, Europe on the brink of a break up, and confusion in global asset markets, Armstrong’s Private/Public cyclical models are indicating that the world better get ready for a rough ride – and soon.
The subsequent result of this fleeing of capital from perceived and actual risk will have the effect of strengthening the US dollar, which means a potentially powerful rebound in US Treasuries as investors rush to preserve their wealth in what they believe to be the safest asset available. Yes, it sounds counter-intuitive to rush to safety in the US dollar given the state of affairs in America, but despite the constant criticism from international financial experts we remain the largest economy in the world and just so happen to control the printing presses of the world’s reserve currency.
According to Armstrong, we’re not far off from such an event, and we may very well see it take place this Fall, as uncertainty and panic grips international markets and forces the hand of governments, big banks, and individual investors.
Given his expertise in history, economics, mathematics and cyclical theory, if there is one person who may have a handle on what information to gather, how to analyze it, and what it means, it’s Martin Armstrong. He’s proven it time and again, and it looks as if his alarms are blaring.
As noted above, while panic and capital flight may significantly and negatively impact some asset classes in the very near future, we don’t have to worry about a total economic doomsday for America just yet. First, all of the money will flow here for safety. But this flight-to-quality will be short-lived, as the ever expanding national debt and government run amok will ultimately lead to a loss of confidence in the US dollar itself.
The scale of this event – this loss in confidence of the reserve currency of the richest nation that has ever existed on Earth – will be unprecedented in human history.
Also Watch: The Oracle – Martin Armstrong (Trailer):
In the 1970′s he predicted gold’s meteoric rise and its 1980 top to the day. He published a full page advertisement in USA Today warning of the impending collapse of stock markets in the 1987 Savings & Loan crash – and nailed that one to the day. He saw the collapse of the Japanese real estate market and warned his clients that a depression was coming. In the late 1990′s he contacted Russian officials to advise them of an impending meltdown of their currency due to forces beyond their control – and he was right again.
He lives in New York today, but for the better part of the last decade he was held in federal prison. His charge? Officially, nothing. Unofficially, he was held in contempt of court for nearly ten years for refusing to hand over his cyclical economic models to Goldman Sachs and the US Government. According to the powers that be, Armstrong was manipulating the world economy, and because he refused to share his prescient models, they locked him away without charge or trial – indefinitely.
He may sound like a fictional character out of a Hollywood blockbuster, except Martin Armstrong is the real deal, and he’s been warning of a paradigm shift unlike any we have witnessed in history.
With the US government expediently acting to restrict personal liberties, nearly incalculable amounts of national debt, Europe on the brink of a break up, and confusion in global asset markets, Armstrong’s Private/Public cyclical models are indicating that the world better get ready for a rough ride – and soon.
Via Armstrong Economics:In 2012 Predictions of a Mad Tin Foilist we opined that if a collapse of the stock market was to take place in 2012, that it would originate in Europe, with investors fleeing risky assets there to the relative “safety” of none other than the US Dollar – much like they did in 2008. This flight-to-quality will be the driving force behind crashing stocks and commodities (perhaps even gold), as well as potentially devastating losses in the debt markets of Europe and Japan.
I have warned that the United States would be last to fall because it is the core economy being both the largest as well as the reserve currency. I have warned that this will not collapse into dust all at the same time. Each link will break one at a time cascading like dominos. This is not my OPINION – it is history.
…
Greece will be forced to leave for staying under the terms of Germany will bring civil war. Social unrest is erupting and what the US and German authorities FAIL to understand is we are dealing with a BELL CURVE and not a linear progression. There has to be balance between austerity and stimulation. It is like heat and cold. Both extremes will kill you. We survive in the middle
…
It is true that rising interest rates can attract capital. However, when capital FLEES, interest rates CONTINUE to rise due to the shortage of capital. NOTHING is ever a straight line. BIG Capital is fleeing Europe and that goes to government debt because it is liquid and can absorb vast amounts.
…
We have to understand what I call this Public v Private battle in confidence. This can also be called the flight-to-quality that appears during a crisis. The primary trend that is common in all economic declines is what is described as the flight-to-quality. This is at the core of capital flow for it represents the first criteria in how capital moves betweenPublic and Private Assets.
The flight-to-quality is traditionally observed by just about everyone and it is unleashed whenever confidence in the private assets collapses. Investors panic, sell private assets, and rush to government bonds driving interest rates down sharply. During the 2007-2009 crises, interest rates in the USA virtually went to zero. In other words, people were willing to accept no interest just to park their cash in a safe place they saw as government assets when they feared even banks would not survive.
…
The shift in this flight-to-quality attitude is always at the core of capital movement. During a generational Private Wave, investment and speculation become common place. During a Public Wave, private assets are looked upon as risky and the safer bet is to invest and trust government.
…
So understanding what we are facing right now is critical to our survival. We must understand that forecasting a single market in isolation is asking for disaster. To comprehend the true global implication of how capital moves, we must embrace a global correlation approach. We are headed for BIG volatility come September/October. Reality should start to make its way known going into year-end. So hold on tight. This will be a rough ride.
Source: Manipulating the World Economy Or Just Understanding How It Really Functions?
The subsequent result of this fleeing of capital from perceived and actual risk will have the effect of strengthening the US dollar, which means a potentially powerful rebound in US Treasuries as investors rush to preserve their wealth in what they believe to be the safest asset available. Yes, it sounds counter-intuitive to rush to safety in the US dollar given the state of affairs in America, but despite the constant criticism from international financial experts we remain the largest economy in the world and just so happen to control the printing presses of the world’s reserve currency.
According to Armstrong, we’re not far off from such an event, and we may very well see it take place this Fall, as uncertainty and panic grips international markets and forces the hand of governments, big banks, and individual investors.
Given his expertise in history, economics, mathematics and cyclical theory, if there is one person who may have a handle on what information to gather, how to analyze it, and what it means, it’s Martin Armstrong. He’s proven it time and again, and it looks as if his alarms are blaring.
As noted above, while panic and capital flight may significantly and negatively impact some asset classes in the very near future, we don’t have to worry about a total economic doomsday for America just yet. First, all of the money will flow here for safety. But this flight-to-quality will be short-lived, as the ever expanding national debt and government run amok will ultimately lead to a loss of confidence in the US dollar itself.
The scale of this event – this loss in confidence of the reserve currency of the richest nation that has ever existed on Earth – will be unprecedented in human history.
Also Watch: The Oracle – Martin Armstrong (Trailer):
2012年5月23日星期三
Rothschild Gold Fixers, Dubai & the Annunaki
http://deanhenderson.wordpress.com/
May 20, 2012 — Dean Henderson
(Excerpted from Big Oil & Their Bankers: Chapter 6: Bank of Crooks & Criminals Int’l)
It was during the 1980’s US/Saudi-financed mujahadeen offensive on the Afghan people that Dubai – one of the emirates comprising the United Arab Emirates (UAE) – became a duty-free port and drug money laundry, serving much the same role as Hong Kong had for the Illuminati banksters during the Vietnam War. In 2007 Halliburton moved it’s headquarters to Dubai.
Where Hong Kong had financed CIA opium for arms swaps in the Golden Triangle, Dubai served the CIA smack for weapons trade in the Golden Crescent – an area which comprises parts of Iran, Afghanistan and Pakistan.
Golden Crescent opium production eclipsed Golden Triangle production just as the CIA was springing into action in Afghanistan. While international banks in Dubai laundered the proceeds, Sharjah – another UAE emirate – housed a duty-free airport specializing in covert weapons shipments. [1]
Gold is the currency of drug and weapons traffickers and Dubai is the favorite hub in the global bullion trade. The British Bank of the Middle East dominates the Dubai gold trade. It is 100% owned by Hong Kong Shanghai Bank (HSBC), which also monopolizes the Hong Kong gold trade along with Kleinwort Benson, which has close relations with Rio Tinto, a company founded on Matheson family opium proceeds. Matheson’s heirs are the Keswick and Swire families which dominate the board of directors at HSBC, Jardine Matheson, P&O Nedlloyd and Cathay Pacific Airlines. [2]
Kleinwort’s Sharps Pixley subsidiary is one of five firms that gather daily at N. M. Rothschild & Sons in London to unilaterally “fix” the price of gold. Another is Mocatta Metals which is majority-owned by Standard Chartered – the bank Cecil Rhodes founded – where P&O’s Lord Inchcape sits on the board. P&O is the world’s largest port operator. Mocatta is a favorite conduit for Israeli Mossad financing.
Midland Bank subsidiary Samuel Montagu is a third London gold “fixer”. Midland was bought by HSBC in 1999 and is partially owned by the Kuwaiti al-Sabah clan. The other two gold fixers are Johnson Matthey and N. M. Rothschild, both of which have interlocking boards with Anglo-American and HSBC. [3]
Anglo-American – controlled by South Africa’s Oppenheimer family – owns both Engelhardt, which enjoys a near monopoly in refining the world’s gold, and DeBeers, which monopolizes the global diamond trade.
It was the mysterious Count of Saint-Germain who first claimed to possess the esoteric knowledge necessary for the transmutation of metals like gold and for removing flaws from diamonds. The Count stayed for a time with William IX of Hesse, whose financial adviser was Mayer Rothschild. The Count may have imparted his secret wisdom upon young Mayer and his House of Hesse employer, who in partnership came to control the Cabalistic Frankfurt Freemason Lodge which housed the German Illuminati. [4]
Diamonds are important in the laundering of drug money since they are small and easy to transport, yet hold great value. Sir Harry Oppenheimer’s De Beers controls 85% of the global wholesale diamond market. De Beers is a subsidiary of Anglo-American where Sir Harry sits on the board.
The current De Beers chairman is Nicky Oppenheimer. De Beers’ most valuable diamond mines are in southern Africa. One called Jwaneng, at the edge of the Kalahari Desert in Botswana, may be the most valuable property on earth. This vein of kimberlite, which produces diamonds, was only discovered in 1973. De Beers also mines diamonds from off-shore platforms off the coast of Namibia.
The world’s largest store of diamonds sits under De Beers London headquarters. The company sells rough diamonds ten times a year in London to 125 hand-picked customers at a take-it-or-leave-it set price. De Beers was indicted in 1994 for price-fixing by the US Justice Department and to this day company officials do not set foot on US soil for fear they may be nabbed by US authorities. [5]
Diamond cutting was until recently done in only two places in the world- Antwerp, Belgium and Ashqelon, Israel. In Antwerp the cutting was financed by Banque Bruxelles-Lambert, which is controlled by the Lambert family – cousins to the Rothschilds and owners of the scandal-ridden Drexel Burnham Lambert.
In Israel the cutting was financed by Bank Leumi, Israel’s biggest finance house which is controlled by the British Barclays Bank. Sir Harry Oppenheimer also sits on the Barclay’s board. [6]
Recently Gujarat, India has become the location of choice for 90% of global diamond cutting due to the cheap labor it affords. Bangkok, Tel Aviv and New York handle the rest. Eighty percent of diamond trading still occurs in Antwerp.
De Beers, like gold-fixer Standard Chartered, was founded by Cecil Rhodes in South Africa during the 1880’s. Rhodes’ last will and testament created the Royal Institute for International Affairs which spawned the Council on Foreign Relations. Rhodes Scholars like Bill Clinton are funded by the Rhodes Trust.
The principal trustee for the Rhodes estate is Lord Alfred Milner, who in 1899 provoked the Boer War through which Britain and Rhodes gained control over South Africa’s diamond and gold mines. There, black South Africans toil in one of the world’s most dangerous jobs and receive almost nothing for enriching the Oppenheimers and their cronies.
The world’s three biggest mining companies – BHP Billiton, Rio Tinto and Anglo American – are controlled by Oppenheimer/Rothschild/RD/Shell mob. In 2010 the first two talked of merging.
Rhodes was a leader in European Freemasonry, where he mingled with the likes of the Rothschilds, King George IV, King William IV, Lord Randolph Churchill (Winston’s father), the Marquis of Salisbury, Arthur Conan Doyle, Rudyard Kipling and Oscar Wilde.
The group was preoccupied with the notion of an Aryan super-race, a notion shared by Adolf Hitler and the ruling paradigm for the South African apartheid regime. Their “secret knowledge” of human creation, which defies both creationist and evolutionary theories, is bound up in the tale of the Anunnaki, who according to recently uncovered Sumerian clay tablets arrived around 6000 BC in Sumeria from planet Nubira.
A growing number of researchers led by Zechariah Sitchin say the Annunaki bred human slaves known in the Hebrew bible as Adamu and in English as Earthlings to mine gold necessary to patch up a hole in Nubira’s ozone layer which was caused by a collision with another planet. One Anunnaki leader was named Nazi. The alien gods who created “Adam” called their Mesopotamian colony E.DIN. They traveled the world in search of gold, which NASA scientists agree would be the best patch for our own ozone problem. Scientists have discovered mining operations going back as far as 100,000 BC in Africa, South and Central America. [7]
The Adamus who left Eden became gold mining slaves and their worldwide deployment may explain the many holes in evolutionary and anthropological theories of the day. It may also explain phenomena such as the Nazca Lines in Peru and the Great Pyramids of Egypt.
Adam and his descendants became slaves to these Lords. The biblical Hebrew term avod which is commonly translated “worship” actually means “work”. Adam and the biblical characters were not worshiping God, they were working for him as slaves. And “God” may connote the Anunnaki invaders.
The Sumerian tablets provide an intriguing explanation as to why man settled into agriculture in Mesopotamia from the much easier and more sustainable practice of hunting and gathering.
The tablets state simply that the Annunaki gods made them do it. Cities grew and the Annunaki placed one of its god/human hybrids in charge of each new urban center. These rulers became Kings, their dynastic right to rule based on bloodlines to the Anunnaki.
The first such king was Cush, who was Noah’s grandson and the father of Nimrod. Some researchers believe Yahweh was actually Annunaki earth mission commander Enli, who was a brutal tyrant.
Abraham, who all major religions claim as their patriarch, may have also been an Anunnaki hybrid. The secret knowledge Abraham purveyed serves as the basis for all modern secret societies, from Freemasonry to Cabala to the Muslim Brotherhood.
Whether true or not, what is important is that the Illuminati elite believe that these special bloodlines give them the God-given right to enslave all Earthlings.
By the mid-1890s Freemason Cecil Rhodes launched the Diamond Syndicate, whose successor Central Selling Organization still monopolizes the global diamond trade. Rhodes’ forays were financed by the Rothschild family.
In November 1997, when Baron Edmond Rothschild died in Geneva, he left in his trust substantial holdings in De Beers. [8] According to former British Intelligence officer John Coleman, author of The Committee of 300, “Rhodes was principal agent for the Rothschilds…who dispossessed the South African Boers of their birthright, the gold and diamonds that lay beneath their soil.”
Coleman fails to mention that the Boers were themselves invaders and that black South Africans held the true birthright to this vast wealth. Still, Coleman’s statement regarding the Rhodes/Rothschild relationship appears on the mark.
In 1888 Cecil Rhodes wrote his third will and left everything to Lord Rothschild. Rhodes, Milner and Rothschild founded the Business Roundtable in London in early 1900 which charted a course for expansion of the British Empire and for Crown control over the global economy that exists to this day.
[1] “Al Qaeda and the Gold Trail that Leads Through Dubai to September 11”. Douglas Farah. The Guardian. 2-19-02.
[2] Dope Inc.: The Book that Drove Kissinger Crazy. The Editors of Executive Intelligence Review. Washington, DC. 1992. p.193
[3] Ibid. p.194
[4] Rule by Secrecy: The Hidden History that Connects the Trilateral Commission, the Freemasons and the Great Pyramids. Jim Marrs. HarperCollins Publishers. New York. 2000.
[5] “Diamonds: The Real Story”. Andrew Cockburn. National Geographic. March 2002.
[6] Editors of Executive Intelligence Review. p.200
[7] The 12th Planet. Zechariah Sitchin. Avon Books. New York. 1985.
[8] Marrs. p.86
May 20, 2012 — Dean Henderson
(Excerpted from Big Oil & Their Bankers: Chapter 6: Bank of Crooks & Criminals Int’l)
It was during the 1980’s US/Saudi-financed mujahadeen offensive on the Afghan people that Dubai – one of the emirates comprising the United Arab Emirates (UAE) – became a duty-free port and drug money laundry, serving much the same role as Hong Kong had for the Illuminati banksters during the Vietnam War. In 2007 Halliburton moved it’s headquarters to Dubai.
Where Hong Kong had financed CIA opium for arms swaps in the Golden Triangle, Dubai served the CIA smack for weapons trade in the Golden Crescent – an area which comprises parts of Iran, Afghanistan and Pakistan.
Golden Crescent opium production eclipsed Golden Triangle production just as the CIA was springing into action in Afghanistan. While international banks in Dubai laundered the proceeds, Sharjah – another UAE emirate – housed a duty-free airport specializing in covert weapons shipments. [1]
Gold is the currency of drug and weapons traffickers and Dubai is the favorite hub in the global bullion trade. The British Bank of the Middle East dominates the Dubai gold trade. It is 100% owned by Hong Kong Shanghai Bank (HSBC), which also monopolizes the Hong Kong gold trade along with Kleinwort Benson, which has close relations with Rio Tinto, a company founded on Matheson family opium proceeds. Matheson’s heirs are the Keswick and Swire families which dominate the board of directors at HSBC, Jardine Matheson, P&O Nedlloyd and Cathay Pacific Airlines. [2]
Kleinwort’s Sharps Pixley subsidiary is one of five firms that gather daily at N. M. Rothschild & Sons in London to unilaterally “fix” the price of gold. Another is Mocatta Metals which is majority-owned by Standard Chartered – the bank Cecil Rhodes founded – where P&O’s Lord Inchcape sits on the board. P&O is the world’s largest port operator. Mocatta is a favorite conduit for Israeli Mossad financing.
Midland Bank subsidiary Samuel Montagu is a third London gold “fixer”. Midland was bought by HSBC in 1999 and is partially owned by the Kuwaiti al-Sabah clan. The other two gold fixers are Johnson Matthey and N. M. Rothschild, both of which have interlocking boards with Anglo-American and HSBC. [3]
Anglo-American – controlled by South Africa’s Oppenheimer family – owns both Engelhardt, which enjoys a near monopoly in refining the world’s gold, and DeBeers, which monopolizes the global diamond trade.
It was the mysterious Count of Saint-Germain who first claimed to possess the esoteric knowledge necessary for the transmutation of metals like gold and for removing flaws from diamonds. The Count stayed for a time with William IX of Hesse, whose financial adviser was Mayer Rothschild. The Count may have imparted his secret wisdom upon young Mayer and his House of Hesse employer, who in partnership came to control the Cabalistic Frankfurt Freemason Lodge which housed the German Illuminati. [4]
Diamonds are important in the laundering of drug money since they are small and easy to transport, yet hold great value. Sir Harry Oppenheimer’s De Beers controls 85% of the global wholesale diamond market. De Beers is a subsidiary of Anglo-American where Sir Harry sits on the board.
The current De Beers chairman is Nicky Oppenheimer. De Beers’ most valuable diamond mines are in southern Africa. One called Jwaneng, at the edge of the Kalahari Desert in Botswana, may be the most valuable property on earth. This vein of kimberlite, which produces diamonds, was only discovered in 1973. De Beers also mines diamonds from off-shore platforms off the coast of Namibia.
The world’s largest store of diamonds sits under De Beers London headquarters. The company sells rough diamonds ten times a year in London to 125 hand-picked customers at a take-it-or-leave-it set price. De Beers was indicted in 1994 for price-fixing by the US Justice Department and to this day company officials do not set foot on US soil for fear they may be nabbed by US authorities. [5]
Diamond cutting was until recently done in only two places in the world- Antwerp, Belgium and Ashqelon, Israel. In Antwerp the cutting was financed by Banque Bruxelles-Lambert, which is controlled by the Lambert family – cousins to the Rothschilds and owners of the scandal-ridden Drexel Burnham Lambert.
In Israel the cutting was financed by Bank Leumi, Israel’s biggest finance house which is controlled by the British Barclays Bank. Sir Harry Oppenheimer also sits on the Barclay’s board. [6]
Recently Gujarat, India has become the location of choice for 90% of global diamond cutting due to the cheap labor it affords. Bangkok, Tel Aviv and New York handle the rest. Eighty percent of diamond trading still occurs in Antwerp.
De Beers, like gold-fixer Standard Chartered, was founded by Cecil Rhodes in South Africa during the 1880’s. Rhodes’ last will and testament created the Royal Institute for International Affairs which spawned the Council on Foreign Relations. Rhodes Scholars like Bill Clinton are funded by the Rhodes Trust.
The principal trustee for the Rhodes estate is Lord Alfred Milner, who in 1899 provoked the Boer War through which Britain and Rhodes gained control over South Africa’s diamond and gold mines. There, black South Africans toil in one of the world’s most dangerous jobs and receive almost nothing for enriching the Oppenheimers and their cronies.
The world’s three biggest mining companies – BHP Billiton, Rio Tinto and Anglo American – are controlled by Oppenheimer/Rothschild/RD/Shell mob. In 2010 the first two talked of merging.
Rhodes was a leader in European Freemasonry, where he mingled with the likes of the Rothschilds, King George IV, King William IV, Lord Randolph Churchill (Winston’s father), the Marquis of Salisbury, Arthur Conan Doyle, Rudyard Kipling and Oscar Wilde.
The group was preoccupied with the notion of an Aryan super-race, a notion shared by Adolf Hitler and the ruling paradigm for the South African apartheid regime. Their “secret knowledge” of human creation, which defies both creationist and evolutionary theories, is bound up in the tale of the Anunnaki, who according to recently uncovered Sumerian clay tablets arrived around 6000 BC in Sumeria from planet Nubira.
A growing number of researchers led by Zechariah Sitchin say the Annunaki bred human slaves known in the Hebrew bible as Adamu and in English as Earthlings to mine gold necessary to patch up a hole in Nubira’s ozone layer which was caused by a collision with another planet. One Anunnaki leader was named Nazi. The alien gods who created “Adam” called their Mesopotamian colony E.DIN. They traveled the world in search of gold, which NASA scientists agree would be the best patch for our own ozone problem. Scientists have discovered mining operations going back as far as 100,000 BC in Africa, South and Central America. [7]
The Adamus who left Eden became gold mining slaves and their worldwide deployment may explain the many holes in evolutionary and anthropological theories of the day. It may also explain phenomena such as the Nazca Lines in Peru and the Great Pyramids of Egypt.
Adam and his descendants became slaves to these Lords. The biblical Hebrew term avod which is commonly translated “worship” actually means “work”. Adam and the biblical characters were not worshiping God, they were working for him as slaves. And “God” may connote the Anunnaki invaders.
The Sumerian tablets provide an intriguing explanation as to why man settled into agriculture in Mesopotamia from the much easier and more sustainable practice of hunting and gathering.
The tablets state simply that the Annunaki gods made them do it. Cities grew and the Annunaki placed one of its god/human hybrids in charge of each new urban center. These rulers became Kings, their dynastic right to rule based on bloodlines to the Anunnaki.
The first such king was Cush, who was Noah’s grandson and the father of Nimrod. Some researchers believe Yahweh was actually Annunaki earth mission commander Enli, who was a brutal tyrant.
Abraham, who all major religions claim as their patriarch, may have also been an Anunnaki hybrid. The secret knowledge Abraham purveyed serves as the basis for all modern secret societies, from Freemasonry to Cabala to the Muslim Brotherhood.
Whether true or not, what is important is that the Illuminati elite believe that these special bloodlines give them the God-given right to enslave all Earthlings.
By the mid-1890s Freemason Cecil Rhodes launched the Diamond Syndicate, whose successor Central Selling Organization still monopolizes the global diamond trade. Rhodes’ forays were financed by the Rothschild family.
In November 1997, when Baron Edmond Rothschild died in Geneva, he left in his trust substantial holdings in De Beers. [8] According to former British Intelligence officer John Coleman, author of The Committee of 300, “Rhodes was principal agent for the Rothschilds…who dispossessed the South African Boers of their birthright, the gold and diamonds that lay beneath their soil.”
Coleman fails to mention that the Boers were themselves invaders and that black South Africans held the true birthright to this vast wealth. Still, Coleman’s statement regarding the Rhodes/Rothschild relationship appears on the mark.
In 1888 Cecil Rhodes wrote his third will and left everything to Lord Rothschild. Rhodes, Milner and Rothschild founded the Business Roundtable in London in early 1900 which charted a course for expansion of the British Empire and for Crown control over the global economy that exists to this day.
[1] “Al Qaeda and the Gold Trail that Leads Through Dubai to September 11”. Douglas Farah. The Guardian. 2-19-02.
[2] Dope Inc.: The Book that Drove Kissinger Crazy. The Editors of Executive Intelligence Review. Washington, DC. 1992. p.193
[3] Ibid. p.194
[4] Rule by Secrecy: The Hidden History that Connects the Trilateral Commission, the Freemasons and the Great Pyramids. Jim Marrs. HarperCollins Publishers. New York. 2000.
[5] “Diamonds: The Real Story”. Andrew Cockburn. National Geographic. March 2002.
[6] Editors of Executive Intelligence Review. p.200
[7] The 12th Planet. Zechariah Sitchin. Avon Books. New York. 1985.
[8] Marrs. p.86
追尋——熊貓金幣設計師訪談錄
羅永輝篇:因為有今天,才可以坦然面對當時的幼稚
第一部分:因為有今天,才可以坦然面對當時的幼稚
早期熊貓金幣的得獎,並不是熊貓金幣得獎,而是熊貓得獎,當時全世界很給中國熊貓面子,這是我的觀點。從早期到現在的綜合提高,這是一個必然的過程,沒有當時的鋪墊,一定不會有現在的輝煌。
問:您是新中國第一代錢幣設計師,親歷了熊貓金幣的發展歷程,早期的熊貓金幣是如何發展起來的?當時我們遇到的最大困難是什麼?
羅:還沒有做熊貓金幣的時候,朱純德曾經跟我私下聊過,看看熊貓金幣有沒有比較好的表現手法,可以區別熊貓的黑毛和白毛。這是設計和工藝處理上最大的難點。黃金沒有黑與白,而生活中的熊貓有黑白兩色,這也是熊貓最根本的特點。它不是近似的顏色,它是絕對的對比關係。它的黑為什麼好看,是因為他的白,它的白為什麼好看,是因為它的黑,黑與白互相襯托,他們之間的對比太絕對了。老虎、斑馬身上有斑紋,只需要把它們身上的塊面表現出來就可以了,斑紋上的顏色是可以被忽略的,但是熊貓不可以,熊貓一定要有極致的黑和極致的白,沒有這種極致,就不是熊貓。
1982年以前,朱純德和我一直在探討,我當時的思路就是用不同的紋理組織來區別不同的兩種區域,但在當時,這種處理肯定做不到我們想要的黑與白,包括設計和技術、手段、思路都無法完成。熊貓在幣面上的姿態、造型都不難解決,關鍵在於如何表現黑與白,這很難克服,也是遇到的最大困難。
問:熊貓金幣發展三十年來,您覺得其中最大的變化在哪裡?
羅:熊貓金幣走到今天三十年了,很漫長的一段歲月,三十年最大的特點是多,熊貓金幣多,熊貓金幣上的熊貓就更多。這三十年呈現出來的熊貓千姿百態,活潑可愛,熊貓金幣也聲名遠揚,風靡世界。
早期和現在是有很大區別的,如果說其中最大的變化,我個人認為熊貓終於從自然環境走上了金幣,成為了人們越來越認可的藝術形象。早期的熊貓金幣,在造型、加工技術都存在一定的缺陷,但是至少在當時條件下做到了最好,因為在實際應用上解決了問題。
1982年熊貓登上了金幣,那時候取得的成功,還真不是說我們的熊貓金幣做得有多好,而是全世界歡迎熊貓這樣一個形象。 1983年熊貓金幣的得獎,也並不僅僅是熊貓金幣得獎,而是熊貓得獎,當時全世界很給中國的大熊貓面子,這是我的觀點。
而現在的熊貓金幣,可以更好地顯示先進的加工技術、加工水平,包括我們設計師的理念、能力、技巧,跨越三十年,這是一個全方面的提高。經歷多了,慢慢有一種自覺自信,後期在熊貓金幣的策略上也發生了一些變化,更多的設計任務交給更擅長做熊貓金幣的人去做。
綜觀熊貓金幣的發展歷程,就像一個人一樣,從最開始的新鮮亢奮,逐漸進入疲憊掙扎,有些熊貓金幣我們可以看到的是力不從心,但慢慢絕處逢生,讓人看到欣欣向榮。我們回顧歷史,對於早期的熊貓金幣,更應該從愛護、公正、客觀的態度去對待它。從早期到現在的綜合提高,這是一個必然的過程,沒有當時的鋪墊,一定不會有現在的輝煌。
第二部分:沒有工藝上的進步,設計就無法突破
沒有工藝上的進步,設計上就無法突破,這是相互消長的關係。如果設計師永遠都按照設計的可加工性來設計,金銀幣包括熊貓金幣永遠不會進步。設計必須要超越工藝,逼得工藝進步來實現設計的目的。
問:熊貓金幣三十年,什麼時候想要變了?
羅:熊貓金幣開始設計的時候,我們還沒有意識到熊貓金幣這個領域到底能走多遠,只是很興奮很好奇,特別是產生了凹刻法,是解決了早期怎麼把熊貓的黑與白區別開來的很實用解決辦法。
等到做了5年、6年、7年以後,設計熊貓金幣漸漸成為了一種負擔。發覺走不出來了,只有姿態的變化,如果這樣做下去,做100年熊貓,誰還要看麼,沒有讓人覺得興奮和被認識的價值了,這個時候才發覺,熊貓金幣不好做,很不好做,非常想要尋找到一種更好的解決辦法。
第一次對熊貓金幣表現方法產生影響的大概是1986年我們與英國皇家造幣廠合作的世界野生動物基金會成立25週年金銀紀念幣。當時英方的雕刻師用寫實手法雕刻了大熊貓,和我們用凹刻法雕刻的石膏型存在很大的不同。他們還原了更加真實的熊貓,熊貓身上這邊鼓起那邊凹下,這裡邊是有情感的東西,而我們的熊貓就是一個大白片在底面,只有一個身體的輪廓,是缺乏表現力的,從藝術表現上來說不夠豐富,不夠客觀,不夠真實。當然藝術可以不真實,但是我們的熊貓幣藝術追求的真實應該是需要一種令人信服的真實。
他們給了我們一些新的啟示,我們也從中找到了一種新的思路,但是當時我們還沒有採取實際突破的行動,只是被迫接受了西方人對於熊貓的詮釋,我們還沒來得及深層思考,還只是局限於當時取得巨大成功的思維里面。其中還有一個很關鍵的因素,革新的思潮雖然已經興起,但是工藝技術處理無法滿足新的思路,所以仍然堅持走在自己的道路上,這樣咬牙又走了好幾年。
那麼當年為什麼能夠接受英國的雕刻,也是因為我們的熊貓金幣成立了,站住了,才到了可以接受這樣的詮釋的時候,它是建立在一個系列的連貫的狀態上才可以被接受的。
問:那熊貓金幣真正意義上的第一次變革出現在什麼時候?工藝上有了本質變化麼?
羅:熊貓金幣的第一次根本性變化應該在20世紀90年代後期,就是因為我們在工藝技術上有了革命性的變化。早期我們只能用平底鏡面拋光來表現熊貓的黑白區分,20世紀90年代後期有了凸亮工藝,就可以用浮雕來解決問題,可以讓幣上的熊貓在比較真實還原自然形態的情況下依然表現出它的黑與白,熊貓金幣完全回歸到它的體積狀態,更接近於熊貓本身。
凸亮工藝也被稱為反噴砂,通俗地說,就是可以把突起的浮雕部分做亮,這樣熊貓身上的黑色就可以是黑毛了,不是鐵絲,不是一個片,從視覺上看有毛感同時又很黑,磨亮的這塊浮雕體積,有時是最亮最白的,更可以是最深最黑的,這樣就完全解決了區分熊貓黑與白的問題,為更好表現熊貓的形象特點提供了更好的技術保障。
(編者註:我國最早是在1992年版“中國熊貓”金幣的“天壇”面上應用了反噴砂工藝。以後又在1996年版的“中國熊貓”金銀紀念幣的“熊貓”上應用反噴砂工藝來反映熊貓的黑白毛色,取代了原先的用凹凸雕刻法反映熊貓黑白毛色的手法。)
原來的凹凸雕刻法就這樣走出了熊貓金幣的歷史,今後可能只有在回顧歷史的時候把它作為一個設計素材來使用了,但它是熊貓金幣發展的必經道路,沒有當年的凹凸雕刻法,也就不會有熊貓金幣顯赫的聲名。
問:所以您認為熊貓金幣的變革,不僅僅是設計理念上的變化,更重要的是生產工藝的進步?
羅:我們的設計去適應工藝技術的能力,要遠大於工藝技術來適應設計的能力,設計馬上可以變,但是沒有工藝上的進步,設計上就無法突破,這是相互消長的關係。
如果設計師永遠都按照設計的可加工性來設計,金銀幣包括熊貓金幣永遠不會進步,設計必須要超越工藝,逼得工藝必須要進步來實現設計的目的,技術加工提高以後,又為設計提供了一個新的平台,讓設計師再去摸索一種新的方式。所以設計是提課題的,而技術是為設計拓寬舞台的,就是這種關係。
熊貓金幣第一次變革更關鍵在於生產工藝取得了重要進步,熊貓金幣未來一定還會變,未來的第二次變革,可能就是以設計理念、生產工藝在內綜合在一起促成的了。因為我們現在的設備已經是世界一流的,我們的設計團隊也要向世界一流靠攏。最後拼的還是理念,這和早期已經有了根本性的變化,在人力物力財力完全相等的條件下,唯一可以改變的就是設計,設計可以真正決定錢幣作品的藝術水準。
第三部分:熊貓金幣不僅是藝術現象,它是綜合現象
熊貓金幣不只是藝術,不只是經濟,也不只是技術,它是和國家形象、國家政治結合在一起的。
問:你是1989年版熊貓金銀幣的設計師與雕刻師,這套幣的背景圖案與其他年份的完全不同,怎麼想到這樣設計的?
羅:早期的熊貓金幣,僅有姿態的變化,剛開始無論哪個熊貓都是熊貓,但老這麼下去,沒有意思了。我在設計1989年版熊貓金幣時,背景加上這個網格是為了讓幣面變得更有設計語言。這樣一個有秩序狀態的線條佈局和可愛的熊貓形像從狀態上就形成強烈反差,視覺效果上比較有新意。
而且加了這些線條並不只是為了美觀,對加工技術也提出了挑戰。不要小看這幾根線條,每根線條都是可以比較的線條。我們的一個錢幣產品,從設計開始,油土型翻到石膏型,再做到銅型,上雕刻機雕刻原模、翻壓工作模,整個過程從浮雕開始到模具結束,隨時存在一個變形的過程。
花紋有高有低,密度各不相同,從濕的變成乾的,和石膏的時候很有可能和的不均勻,所以凝固以後就可能產生平面的不平整。即使平整了,後期到了鋼模上,受到加工過程的影響,材料本身質量的不均勻也會造成不平整。經過過程中種種的不平整,累加起來,到了模具上再去磨,因為它的不平整,有些地方會被多磨去一些,有些地方會被少磨去一些,所以就可能造成線條粗細高低的不一致。如果是一般收藏者可能只是覺得加了幾根線條為了視覺上增加點效果,但是當時對於工藝的挑戰還是比較大的。
問:設計1989年版熊貓幣,有沒有讓您印象特別深刻的事情?
羅:當時設計完這套熊貓幣時,我還接到總公司傳來的傳真件,美國、日本、新加坡等地區的銷售商都選擇了這幅圖稿,覺得它很好,跟以往的熊貓幣有了很大不同,好不好先不管,但它是不一樣的。
1989版熊貓金幣發行以後,海外有人妄自臆測,說中國沒有民主,把熊貓關在籠子裡。現在我們可以對這種臆測付諸一笑,這只是某些西方人出於政治原因的惡搞,但這個現像也確實說明,當時熊貓幣就已經受到廣泛關注了,如果沒有人關注,就不會有這種臆測。
問:雖然您參與主創設計熊貓金幣作品好像並不是很多,但聽說有一種說法,說您差點改變了熊貓金幣的命運,到底是怎麼回事?
羅:有這麼一件小花絮可以告訴你們,但談不上改變熊貓幣命運。熊貓是中國金銀幣最具有代表性的系列,雖然我在熊貓金幣上沒有太大貢獻,但我認為熊貓幣的特殊位置牽動了很多人的心。
除了1989年版熊貓幣之外,我還設計雕刻了1990年版的1/2盎司熊貓鉑金幣,在這之前有一個鮮為人知的小故事。
設計1990年版熊貓幣時,朱純德曾經找我討論,熊貓金幣很難突破,壓力也很大,大家一直在思考,包括國際國內都有這樣的議論,考慮讓熊貓幣定型不再變,他要我設計一個定型版的熊貓金幣。
如果要定型版的熊貓,我想把熊貓金幣設計成一個比較紀念碑式的造型,既有熊貓本身姿態的特點,又像一個雕塑,擁有相對比較穩定的狀態,無論是竹子還是熊貓的姿態,造型都很標誌化,盡量優化到不是可以隨意挪動的。以往我們太考慮熊貓的特別姿態,那是因為每年都可以換一個造型,哪怕小丑型的花臉型的都可以。但如果不換,那就必須是一種輪廓上非常精確,特別的經典,特別的濃縮,甜酸苦辣必須要兼顧到,非常本質,也非常熊貓,所以就做了這樣一個設計稿。
但是熊貓被定型,在當時牽涉到很多問題,我們也要被市場或輿論推著走,所以這個事情最終沒有做成。那個時候,國際政治風波依然沒有停止,國外又傳來惡搞言論,說這隻熊貓站在一個孤島上……雖然沒有成為定型版,因為設計本身還不錯,後來被改用為1990年版的1 /2盎司熊貓鉑金幣。
從這兩個花絮我們也可以看出,熊貓幣不只是藝術,不只是經濟,也不只是技術,它是和國家形象、國家政治緊密地結合在一起的。
所以我從事這個職業,總結出來兩句話:比藝術政治一點,比政治藝術一點。藝術上可以千姿百態,政治上一定要四平八穩,這是我們這個職業的最重要特徵。我們的設計師必須充分理解獨特的工作意義,必須具備優秀的職業素養,必須具備紮實的專業能力,三者缺一不可,尤其是設計熊貓金幣,一定要把它提升到這種高度,才能設計出真正的精品。
第四部分:領略熊貓金幣之美
領略熊貓金幣之美,一定要知道它是金屬藝術,它的美到底美在哪,首先是畫面的美,然後是它如何挖掘貴金屬的語言功能和表現力。
問:“貓迷”遍布全世界,代表他們問您一個問題,作為設計大師,您認為我們應該如何領略熊貓金幣之美?
羅:領略熊貓金幣之美,一定要知道它是金屬藝術,它的美到底美在哪。
首先是畫面的美,設計稿可以千萬,選擇哪一個更恰當需要水平。對於設計者來說,表現一個熊貓題材,我可以選擇很複雜很簡約很現代很傳統等等不同的表現手法,但是立場一定要站對,是站在個人審美立場,還是站在熊貓金幣立場,還是站在中國金銀幣整體形象立場,還是站在把中國金銀幣放在國際視野立場,這是設計師肩有多寬的問題,立場越宏闊,立意越高遠。
一個作品體現出來的對金屬材料的認識與運用,如何讓材料去說話,鋼的尖利、鐵的樸實、金的驕狂、銀的古老、銅的圓滑、錫的柔順,金屬其實與人一樣,只是它自己從來不說。各種金屬都有各自的代表性格,不說話,不等於沒有性格,就像菩薩一樣,從來不說話但它很了不起。所不同的是,人只能是思想的長久,而金屬卻可以物質的長久,人把自己的思想注入金屬以求永遠,而金屬因為有了思想產生了價值,就這樣“文”化了。人和材料怎麼互融,怎麼讓金屬講你要講的話,當一件熊貓幣作品能夠充分挖掘出貴金屬材料的語言功能和表現力,它就擁有強大的藝術感染力了。
對於熊貓金幣的審美,還有一個很重要的關注點,就是中國人怎麼看事情,思維方式是怎麼樣的,你呈現出來的形像是一種什麼狀態的,譬如中國人很講究作品的敘事性、文學性,很會追究背景,怎麼樣表達出來,也是我們鑑賞熊貓幣的一個重要觀察點。
記者:遙石(文中僅為設計師個人觀點,並已經設計師本人確認)
羅永輝簡介
羅永輝,1955年8月18日生於上海,畢業於中央工藝美術學院,在俄羅斯列賓美術學院雕塑系研修深造。現為中國印鈔造幣總公司專家,正高級工藝美術大師,上海造幣有限公司副總工藝美術師,上海市工藝美術系列高級技術職稱資格審定委員會委員庫專家,中國印鈔造幣總公司專家人才庫專家。曾出任北京奧組委獎牌評審委員會評委,北京奧組委獎牌設計製作工作組專家。
羅永輝從生活中汲取藝術靈感,並灌注以豐富細膩的情感。在設計創作方面,將創意與情感結合,設計作品如栩如生,其作品獲得了業界的廣泛讚許,尤其是他所擅長的多種雕刻工藝在國內目前無人可比。他的幣章設計雕刻作品不勝枚舉,件件精巧構思,工藝精湛,且往往具有頗高的藝術欣賞價值和收藏投資價值。 2006年,羅永輝設計的作品中國石窟藝術麥積山5盎司金幣獲得了本年度世界硬幣大獎“世界最佳金幣”獎。羅永輝還曾獲得勞動和社會保障部授予的“全國技術能手”榮譽稱號。他作為建國後第一套紀念幣“建國三十週年紀念金幣”的主創人員之一,榮獲紀念幣首創獎。
早期熊貓金幣的得獎,並不是熊貓金幣得獎,而是熊貓得獎,當時全世界很給中國熊貓面子,這是我的觀點。從早期到現在的綜合提高,這是一個必然的過程,沒有當時的鋪墊,一定不會有現在的輝煌。
問:您是新中國第一代錢幣設計師,親歷了熊貓金幣的發展歷程,早期的熊貓金幣是如何發展起來的?當時我們遇到的最大困難是什麼?
羅:還沒有做熊貓金幣的時候,朱純德曾經跟我私下聊過,看看熊貓金幣有沒有比較好的表現手法,可以區別熊貓的黑毛和白毛。這是設計和工藝處理上最大的難點。黃金沒有黑與白,而生活中的熊貓有黑白兩色,這也是熊貓最根本的特點。它不是近似的顏色,它是絕對的對比關係。它的黑為什麼好看,是因為他的白,它的白為什麼好看,是因為它的黑,黑與白互相襯托,他們之間的對比太絕對了。老虎、斑馬身上有斑紋,只需要把它們身上的塊面表現出來就可以了,斑紋上的顏色是可以被忽略的,但是熊貓不可以,熊貓一定要有極致的黑和極致的白,沒有這種極致,就不是熊貓。
1982年以前,朱純德和我一直在探討,我當時的思路就是用不同的紋理組織來區別不同的兩種區域,但在當時,這種處理肯定做不到我們想要的黑與白,包括設計和技術、手段、思路都無法完成。熊貓在幣面上的姿態、造型都不難解決,關鍵在於如何表現黑與白,這很難克服,也是遇到的最大困難。
問:熊貓金幣發展三十年來,您覺得其中最大的變化在哪裡?
羅:熊貓金幣走到今天三十年了,很漫長的一段歲月,三十年最大的特點是多,熊貓金幣多,熊貓金幣上的熊貓就更多。這三十年呈現出來的熊貓千姿百態,活潑可愛,熊貓金幣也聲名遠揚,風靡世界。
早期和現在是有很大區別的,如果說其中最大的變化,我個人認為熊貓終於從自然環境走上了金幣,成為了人們越來越認可的藝術形象。早期的熊貓金幣,在造型、加工技術都存在一定的缺陷,但是至少在當時條件下做到了最好,因為在實際應用上解決了問題。
1982年熊貓登上了金幣,那時候取得的成功,還真不是說我們的熊貓金幣做得有多好,而是全世界歡迎熊貓這樣一個形象。 1983年熊貓金幣的得獎,也並不僅僅是熊貓金幣得獎,而是熊貓得獎,當時全世界很給中國的大熊貓面子,這是我的觀點。
而現在的熊貓金幣,可以更好地顯示先進的加工技術、加工水平,包括我們設計師的理念、能力、技巧,跨越三十年,這是一個全方面的提高。經歷多了,慢慢有一種自覺自信,後期在熊貓金幣的策略上也發生了一些變化,更多的設計任務交給更擅長做熊貓金幣的人去做。
綜觀熊貓金幣的發展歷程,就像一個人一樣,從最開始的新鮮亢奮,逐漸進入疲憊掙扎,有些熊貓金幣我們可以看到的是力不從心,但慢慢絕處逢生,讓人看到欣欣向榮。我們回顧歷史,對於早期的熊貓金幣,更應該從愛護、公正、客觀的態度去對待它。從早期到現在的綜合提高,這是一個必然的過程,沒有當時的鋪墊,一定不會有現在的輝煌。
第二部分:沒有工藝上的進步,設計就無法突破
沒有工藝上的進步,設計上就無法突破,這是相互消長的關係。如果設計師永遠都按照設計的可加工性來設計,金銀幣包括熊貓金幣永遠不會進步。設計必須要超越工藝,逼得工藝進步來實現設計的目的。
問:熊貓金幣三十年,什麼時候想要變了?
羅:熊貓金幣開始設計的時候,我們還沒有意識到熊貓金幣這個領域到底能走多遠,只是很興奮很好奇,特別是產生了凹刻法,是解決了早期怎麼把熊貓的黑與白區別開來的很實用解決辦法。
等到做了5年、6年、7年以後,設計熊貓金幣漸漸成為了一種負擔。發覺走不出來了,只有姿態的變化,如果這樣做下去,做100年熊貓,誰還要看麼,沒有讓人覺得興奮和被認識的價值了,這個時候才發覺,熊貓金幣不好做,很不好做,非常想要尋找到一種更好的解決辦法。
第一次對熊貓金幣表現方法產生影響的大概是1986年我們與英國皇家造幣廠合作的世界野生動物基金會成立25週年金銀紀念幣。當時英方的雕刻師用寫實手法雕刻了大熊貓,和我們用凹刻法雕刻的石膏型存在很大的不同。他們還原了更加真實的熊貓,熊貓身上這邊鼓起那邊凹下,這裡邊是有情感的東西,而我們的熊貓就是一個大白片在底面,只有一個身體的輪廓,是缺乏表現力的,從藝術表現上來說不夠豐富,不夠客觀,不夠真實。當然藝術可以不真實,但是我們的熊貓幣藝術追求的真實應該是需要一種令人信服的真實。
他們給了我們一些新的啟示,我們也從中找到了一種新的思路,但是當時我們還沒有採取實際突破的行動,只是被迫接受了西方人對於熊貓的詮釋,我們還沒來得及深層思考,還只是局限於當時取得巨大成功的思維里面。其中還有一個很關鍵的因素,革新的思潮雖然已經興起,但是工藝技術處理無法滿足新的思路,所以仍然堅持走在自己的道路上,這樣咬牙又走了好幾年。
那麼當年為什麼能夠接受英國的雕刻,也是因為我們的熊貓金幣成立了,站住了,才到了可以接受這樣的詮釋的時候,它是建立在一個系列的連貫的狀態上才可以被接受的。
問:那熊貓金幣真正意義上的第一次變革出現在什麼時候?工藝上有了本質變化麼?
羅:熊貓金幣的第一次根本性變化應該在20世紀90年代後期,就是因為我們在工藝技術上有了革命性的變化。早期我們只能用平底鏡面拋光來表現熊貓的黑白區分,20世紀90年代後期有了凸亮工藝,就可以用浮雕來解決問題,可以讓幣上的熊貓在比較真實還原自然形態的情況下依然表現出它的黑與白,熊貓金幣完全回歸到它的體積狀態,更接近於熊貓本身。
凸亮工藝也被稱為反噴砂,通俗地說,就是可以把突起的浮雕部分做亮,這樣熊貓身上的黑色就可以是黑毛了,不是鐵絲,不是一個片,從視覺上看有毛感同時又很黑,磨亮的這塊浮雕體積,有時是最亮最白的,更可以是最深最黑的,這樣就完全解決了區分熊貓黑與白的問題,為更好表現熊貓的形象特點提供了更好的技術保障。
(編者註:我國最早是在1992年版“中國熊貓”金幣的“天壇”面上應用了反噴砂工藝。以後又在1996年版的“中國熊貓”金銀紀念幣的“熊貓”上應用反噴砂工藝來反映熊貓的黑白毛色,取代了原先的用凹凸雕刻法反映熊貓黑白毛色的手法。)
原來的凹凸雕刻法就這樣走出了熊貓金幣的歷史,今後可能只有在回顧歷史的時候把它作為一個設計素材來使用了,但它是熊貓金幣發展的必經道路,沒有當年的凹凸雕刻法,也就不會有熊貓金幣顯赫的聲名。
問:所以您認為熊貓金幣的變革,不僅僅是設計理念上的變化,更重要的是生產工藝的進步?
羅:我們的設計去適應工藝技術的能力,要遠大於工藝技術來適應設計的能力,設計馬上可以變,但是沒有工藝上的進步,設計上就無法突破,這是相互消長的關係。
如果設計師永遠都按照設計的可加工性來設計,金銀幣包括熊貓金幣永遠不會進步,設計必須要超越工藝,逼得工藝必須要進步來實現設計的目的,技術加工提高以後,又為設計提供了一個新的平台,讓設計師再去摸索一種新的方式。所以設計是提課題的,而技術是為設計拓寬舞台的,就是這種關係。
熊貓金幣第一次變革更關鍵在於生產工藝取得了重要進步,熊貓金幣未來一定還會變,未來的第二次變革,可能就是以設計理念、生產工藝在內綜合在一起促成的了。因為我們現在的設備已經是世界一流的,我們的設計團隊也要向世界一流靠攏。最後拼的還是理念,這和早期已經有了根本性的變化,在人力物力財力完全相等的條件下,唯一可以改變的就是設計,設計可以真正決定錢幣作品的藝術水準。
第三部分:熊貓金幣不僅是藝術現象,它是綜合現象
熊貓金幣不只是藝術,不只是經濟,也不只是技術,它是和國家形象、國家政治結合在一起的。
問:你是1989年版熊貓金銀幣的設計師與雕刻師,這套幣的背景圖案與其他年份的完全不同,怎麼想到這樣設計的?
羅:早期的熊貓金幣,僅有姿態的變化,剛開始無論哪個熊貓都是熊貓,但老這麼下去,沒有意思了。我在設計1989年版熊貓金幣時,背景加上這個網格是為了讓幣面變得更有設計語言。這樣一個有秩序狀態的線條佈局和可愛的熊貓形像從狀態上就形成強烈反差,視覺效果上比較有新意。
而且加了這些線條並不只是為了美觀,對加工技術也提出了挑戰。不要小看這幾根線條,每根線條都是可以比較的線條。我們的一個錢幣產品,從設計開始,油土型翻到石膏型,再做到銅型,上雕刻機雕刻原模、翻壓工作模,整個過程從浮雕開始到模具結束,隨時存在一個變形的過程。
花紋有高有低,密度各不相同,從濕的變成乾的,和石膏的時候很有可能和的不均勻,所以凝固以後就可能產生平面的不平整。即使平整了,後期到了鋼模上,受到加工過程的影響,材料本身質量的不均勻也會造成不平整。經過過程中種種的不平整,累加起來,到了模具上再去磨,因為它的不平整,有些地方會被多磨去一些,有些地方會被少磨去一些,所以就可能造成線條粗細高低的不一致。如果是一般收藏者可能只是覺得加了幾根線條為了視覺上增加點效果,但是當時對於工藝的挑戰還是比較大的。
問:設計1989年版熊貓幣,有沒有讓您印象特別深刻的事情?
羅:當時設計完這套熊貓幣時,我還接到總公司傳來的傳真件,美國、日本、新加坡等地區的銷售商都選擇了這幅圖稿,覺得它很好,跟以往的熊貓幣有了很大不同,好不好先不管,但它是不一樣的。
1989版熊貓金幣發行以後,海外有人妄自臆測,說中國沒有民主,把熊貓關在籠子裡。現在我們可以對這種臆測付諸一笑,這只是某些西方人出於政治原因的惡搞,但這個現像也確實說明,當時熊貓幣就已經受到廣泛關注了,如果沒有人關注,就不會有這種臆測。
問:雖然您參與主創設計熊貓金幣作品好像並不是很多,但聽說有一種說法,說您差點改變了熊貓金幣的命運,到底是怎麼回事?
羅:有這麼一件小花絮可以告訴你們,但談不上改變熊貓幣命運。熊貓是中國金銀幣最具有代表性的系列,雖然我在熊貓金幣上沒有太大貢獻,但我認為熊貓幣的特殊位置牽動了很多人的心。
除了1989年版熊貓幣之外,我還設計雕刻了1990年版的1/2盎司熊貓鉑金幣,在這之前有一個鮮為人知的小故事。
設計1990年版熊貓幣時,朱純德曾經找我討論,熊貓金幣很難突破,壓力也很大,大家一直在思考,包括國際國內都有這樣的議論,考慮讓熊貓幣定型不再變,他要我設計一個定型版的熊貓金幣。
如果要定型版的熊貓,我想把熊貓金幣設計成一個比較紀念碑式的造型,既有熊貓本身姿態的特點,又像一個雕塑,擁有相對比較穩定的狀態,無論是竹子還是熊貓的姿態,造型都很標誌化,盡量優化到不是可以隨意挪動的。以往我們太考慮熊貓的特別姿態,那是因為每年都可以換一個造型,哪怕小丑型的花臉型的都可以。但如果不換,那就必須是一種輪廓上非常精確,特別的經典,特別的濃縮,甜酸苦辣必須要兼顧到,非常本質,也非常熊貓,所以就做了這樣一個設計稿。
但是熊貓被定型,在當時牽涉到很多問題,我們也要被市場或輿論推著走,所以這個事情最終沒有做成。那個時候,國際政治風波依然沒有停止,國外又傳來惡搞言論,說這隻熊貓站在一個孤島上……雖然沒有成為定型版,因為設計本身還不錯,後來被改用為1990年版的1 /2盎司熊貓鉑金幣。
從這兩個花絮我們也可以看出,熊貓幣不只是藝術,不只是經濟,也不只是技術,它是和國家形象、國家政治緊密地結合在一起的。
所以我從事這個職業,總結出來兩句話:比藝術政治一點,比政治藝術一點。藝術上可以千姿百態,政治上一定要四平八穩,這是我們這個職業的最重要特徵。我們的設計師必須充分理解獨特的工作意義,必須具備優秀的職業素養,必須具備紮實的專業能力,三者缺一不可,尤其是設計熊貓金幣,一定要把它提升到這種高度,才能設計出真正的精品。
第四部分:領略熊貓金幣之美
領略熊貓金幣之美,一定要知道它是金屬藝術,它的美到底美在哪,首先是畫面的美,然後是它如何挖掘貴金屬的語言功能和表現力。
問:“貓迷”遍布全世界,代表他們問您一個問題,作為設計大師,您認為我們應該如何領略熊貓金幣之美?
羅:領略熊貓金幣之美,一定要知道它是金屬藝術,它的美到底美在哪。
首先是畫面的美,設計稿可以千萬,選擇哪一個更恰當需要水平。對於設計者來說,表現一個熊貓題材,我可以選擇很複雜很簡約很現代很傳統等等不同的表現手法,但是立場一定要站對,是站在個人審美立場,還是站在熊貓金幣立場,還是站在中國金銀幣整體形象立場,還是站在把中國金銀幣放在國際視野立場,這是設計師肩有多寬的問題,立場越宏闊,立意越高遠。
一個作品體現出來的對金屬材料的認識與運用,如何讓材料去說話,鋼的尖利、鐵的樸實、金的驕狂、銀的古老、銅的圓滑、錫的柔順,金屬其實與人一樣,只是它自己從來不說。各種金屬都有各自的代表性格,不說話,不等於沒有性格,就像菩薩一樣,從來不說話但它很了不起。所不同的是,人只能是思想的長久,而金屬卻可以物質的長久,人把自己的思想注入金屬以求永遠,而金屬因為有了思想產生了價值,就這樣“文”化了。人和材料怎麼互融,怎麼讓金屬講你要講的話,當一件熊貓幣作品能夠充分挖掘出貴金屬材料的語言功能和表現力,它就擁有強大的藝術感染力了。
對於熊貓金幣的審美,還有一個很重要的關注點,就是中國人怎麼看事情,思維方式是怎麼樣的,你呈現出來的形像是一種什麼狀態的,譬如中國人很講究作品的敘事性、文學性,很會追究背景,怎麼樣表達出來,也是我們鑑賞熊貓幣的一個重要觀察點。
記者:遙石(文中僅為設計師個人觀點,並已經設計師本人確認)
羅永輝簡介
羅永輝,1955年8月18日生於上海,畢業於中央工藝美術學院,在俄羅斯列賓美術學院雕塑系研修深造。現為中國印鈔造幣總公司專家,正高級工藝美術大師,上海造幣有限公司副總工藝美術師,上海市工藝美術系列高級技術職稱資格審定委員會委員庫專家,中國印鈔造幣總公司專家人才庫專家。曾出任北京奧組委獎牌評審委員會評委,北京奧組委獎牌設計製作工作組專家。
羅永輝從生活中汲取藝術靈感,並灌注以豐富細膩的情感。在設計創作方面,將創意與情感結合,設計作品如栩如生,其作品獲得了業界的廣泛讚許,尤其是他所擅長的多種雕刻工藝在國內目前無人可比。他的幣章設計雕刻作品不勝枚舉,件件精巧構思,工藝精湛,且往往具有頗高的藝術欣賞價值和收藏投資價值。 2006年,羅永輝設計的作品中國石窟藝術麥積山5盎司金幣獲得了本年度世界硬幣大獎“世界最佳金幣”獎。羅永輝還曾獲得勞動和社會保障部授予的“全國技術能手”榮譽稱號。他作為建國後第一套紀念幣“建國三十週年紀念金幣”的主創人員之一,榮獲紀念幣首創獎。
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